II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QT = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
请解读这条 II 导联心电图条带。仅凭这一条心电图条带,你能为哪种解读辩护?点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
2二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
32:1 房室传导阻滞(类型未定)
4窦性心动过缓
13.优先排序与委派中等
Which patient with diabetes should the nurse see first?
AHbA1c result of 8.2%, asking about diet
BGlucose 48 mg/dL (2.7 mmol/L), sweating and confused
CGlucose 210 mg/dL (11.7 mmol/L) after a large lunch, feels well
DNeeds foot care teaching before discharge tomorrow
14.优先排序与委派困难
A patient has a potassium of 7.0 mEq/L with peaked T waves. Several drugs are prescribed. Which one is usually given first to protect the heart?
AIV furosemide
BOral sodium bicarbonate
CIV calcium gluconate
DOral potassium binder
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
A parent says, “I tell my son his medicine is candy so he takes it.” What should the nurse teach?
AThis is a good idea and makes giving medicine easier
BDo not call medicine candy, because the child may take it when no one is watching
CIt only matters for medicines that taste bitter or are hard to swallow
DIt is fine as long as the medicine is kept in the fridge
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
The laboratory reports that a blood sample labeled with one patient’s name has a blood group different from that patient’s previous result. What is the most likely problem and response?
AA wrong-patient sample, so the test is repeated and the event reported
BThe previous result was wrong, so it is deleted
CA laboratory machine fault, so no action is needed
DA normal change in the patient’s blood group over the years since the last test
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
一名该服地高辛的患者钾为 3.1 mEq/L。为什么这个结果很重要?
A低钾可保护心脏免受地高辛副作用的影响
B钾与地高辛没有相互作用
C低钾使地高辛无效,所以应将剂量加倍
D低钾增加地高辛中毒的风险
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient has a sodium of 150 mEq/L, a glucose of 180 mg/dL and a BUN of 28 mg/dL. Using the formula 2 × Na + glucose/18 + BUN/2.8, what is the calculated serum osmolality?
AAbout 300 mOsm/kg, which is normal
BAbout 320 mOsm/kg, which is high
CAbout 358 mOsm/kg, which is high
DAbout 285 mOsm/kg, which is normal
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: A · Move the stick and the left leg forward together, then the right leg
为什么是这个答案
The stick and the weak leg move together so the stick takes part of the load, then the strong leg steps through.
答案
A · Move the stick and the left leg forward together, then the right leg
2.护理学基础
答案: A · "I'll cut the opening much bigger than my stoma so it doesn't rub."
为什么是这个答案
An opening that is too large leaves skin exposed to output, causing soreness and leaks. Checking the skin, re-measuring and drying the skin are correct.
答案
A · "I'll cut the opening much bigger than my stoma so it doesn't rub."
3.临床护理
答案: D · Genital fungal infections
为什么是这个答案
SGLT2 inhibitors cause glycosuria, which increases the risk of genital thrush and urinary infections. They can also rarely cause DKA with only modestly raised glucose.
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
从 QRS 起点到 T 波终点共 12 个小格
转换
QT = 12 × 0.04 s = 0.48 s
答案
QT = 0.48 s
粗略的规则:在正常心率下,QT 应小于 R–R 间期的一半(此处 R–R = 1.00 s)。
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 2:1 房室传导阻滞(类型未定)
2:1 房室传导阻滞:每个 QRS 对应两个 P 波时,没有两个下传的 P 波连续出现,所以无法看出在未下传的 P 波之前,PR 间期是逐渐延长(I 型)还是保持恒定(II 型)。仅凭一条心电图条带,只能称为 2:1 房室传导阻滞;更长的条带或传导比例的改变才能决定类型。QRS 较窄时更可能是 I 型,QRS 增宽时更可能是 II 型,但两者都不能证明。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 42 个小格,1500 ÷ 42 ≈ 36 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 1.68 s。
3. P 波:直立且规则(P–P 0.84 s,71 次/分),每个 QRS 对应两个 P 波。
4. PR 间期:下传的搏动中恒定为 0.16 s。
5. QRS:0.12 s,增宽(0.12 s 或以上)。
为什么类型无法确定
每隔一个 P 波就不下传,所以没有两个下传的心搏相继出现,PR 间期是否逐渐延长也就无从显现。
2:1 房室传导阻滞(类型未定)
答案
2:1 房室传导阻滞(类型未定)
QRS 较窄时更可能是 I 型,QRS 增宽时更可能是 II 型,但只有更长的条带或传导比例的改变才能决定。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: B · Glucose 48 mg/dL (2.7 mmol/L), sweating and confused
为什么是这个答案
Severe hypoglycemia with confusion can quickly lead to seizures and loss of consciousness. The other patients have problems that matter but are not immediately dangerous.
答案
B · Glucose 48 mg/dL (2.7 mmol/L), sweating and confused
14.优先排序与委派
答案: C · IV calcium gluconate
为什么是这个答案
IV calcium stabilizes the cardiac cell membranes within minutes and is given first when hyperkalemia changes the ECG. Insulin with glucose, binders and diuretics then lower the potassium.
答案
C · IV calcium gluconate
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: B · Do not call medicine candy, because the child may take it when no one is watching
为什么是这个答案
Calling medicine candy encourages children to look for it and swallow it, which can lead to poisoning. Parents are taught to call medicine medicine and keep it locked away.
答案
B · Do not call medicine candy, because the child may take it when no one is watching
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: A · A wrong-patient sample, so the test is repeated and the event reported
为什么是这个答案
A different blood group strongly suggests the sample came from another patient. A new sample is taken with careful bedside identification and labeling, and the event is reported as a serious near miss.
答案
A · A wrong-patient sample, so the test is repeated and the event reported
Osmolality = 300 + 10 + 10 = 320 mOsm/kg, above the typical range of about 275–295 mOsm/kg. The high sodium is the main cause, which points to water loss or too little water intake.核对依据:Osmolality blood test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)