练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 在 24 小时内,一位患者接受 2400 mL 肠外营养,终浓度为 20% 葡萄糖和 4.25% 氨基酸,另加 100 mL 20% 脂肪乳(2 kcal/mL)。 求非蛋白热量NPC(kcal/天)。 取整到最接近的整数。
2400 mL葡萄糖 20%氨基酸 4.25%脂肪 100 mL · 2 kcal/mL
NPC = kcal/天
11.心电图节律条带解读中等
解读这条 II 导联心律条带。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1心房颤动
2一度房室传导阻滞
3正常窦性心律
4交界性心律
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这条 II 导联心电图显示二度房室传导阻滞 I 型(文氏现象)。测量未下传 P 波之前最后一个下传搏动的 PR 间期(即最长的 PR),以秒为单位。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
最长的 PR = s
13.优先排序与委派中等
交班后,护士应首先看哪位患者?
A一名服用利尿剂的患者,自 08:00 起已排尿 400 mL
B一名新打石膏的患者,说足部发麻,脚趾发凉
C一名骨关节炎患者,诉说每天早晨僵硬
D一名想在访客到来之前得到帮助淋浴的患者
14.优先排序与委派困难
A patient has a wrist restraint. The nurse finds the fingers on that hand pale, cool and tingling. What should the nurse do first?
ADocument the finding and continue with the medication round
BTighten the restraint so the patient moves less
CRaise the arm on a pillow and check again in two hours
DLoosen the restraint and assess the circulation
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
Why must visible dirt be removed from equipment before it is disinfected?
ACleaning first is only needed for metal items
BDisinfectants only work on wet surfaces
COrganic matter can shield organisms and weaken the disinfectant
DDirt makes the disinfectant react and work too strongly on the surface
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
In a mass-casualty incident with limited resources, why may a critically injured patient with little chance of survival receive care after others?
APatients are treated in the order they arrive
BThe most severely injured are never given comfort care
CResources go first to those most likely to survive with treatment
DCritical patients are always treated last in every situation, even outside disasters
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient on warfarin has an INR of 7.8 and a nosebleed. Which medication would the nurse expect the provider to prescribe?
ANaloxone hydrochloride
BProtamine sulfate
CVitamin K (phytonadione)
DAcetylcysteine
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
一名钙为 6.8 mg/dL(1.7 mmol/L)的患者突然出现呼吸嘈杂和声音嘶哑。这提示什么?
A喉痉挛,属于需要紧急救助和静脉补钙的急症
B对血液检查结果的焦虑,需要平静的安慰
C今天早晨开始的普通感冒
D无需治疗就会消退的正常反应
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: B · Lying on the left side
为什么是这个答案
Gravity sends more blood to the lower lung. Placing the healthy lung down matches more blood flow to the lung that is ventilating well, improving oxygenation.
答案
B · Lying on the left side
2.护理学基础
答案: A · Escalate further, for example to a senior doctor or the rapid response team
为什么是这个答案
If a response is delayed and the patient deteriorates, the nurse follows the escalation policy to the next level and keeps monitoring and supporting ABCDE. Each step is documented.
答案
A · Escalate further, for example to a senior doctor or the rapid response team
3.临床护理
答案: D · Frequent mouth care that keeps the lips and mouth moist
为什么是这个答案
Regular mouth care with moist swabs, water sprays and lip balm relieves a dry mouth in the last days of life. Families can be shown how to help.
答案
D · Frequent mouth care that keeps the lips and mouth moist
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 31 个小格,1500 ÷ 31 ≈ 48 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 1.24 s。
3. P 波:倒置,紧邻每个 QRS 之后。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:0.06 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
交界性心律
答案
交界性心律
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案:最长的 PR = 0.34 s
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
答案: D · Loosen the restraint and assess the circulation
为什么是这个答案
Pale, cool fingers with tingling suggest that the restraint is too tight and blood flow is reduced. The nurse releases it at once, assesses the hand and reviews whether the restraint is still needed.
答案
D · Loosen the restraint and assess the circulation
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · Organic matter can shield organisms and weaken the disinfectant
为什么是这个答案
Blood, secretions and soil protect organisms and can inactivate disinfectants. Cleaning is always done first, followed by disinfection or sterilization as required.
答案
C · Organic matter can shield organisms and weaken the disinfectant
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · Resources go first to those most likely to survive with treatment
为什么是这个答案
In disasters, triage shifts from treating the sickest first to saving the most lives with available resources. Expectant patients still receive comfort care and are reassessed as resources change.
答案
C · Resources go first to those most likely to survive with treatment
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: C · Vitamin K (phytonadione)
为什么是这个答案
Warfarin blocks vitamin K–dependent clotting factors, and vitamin K restores their production over hours. For serious bleeding, a prothrombin complex concentrate may also be given to replace factors at once. The warfarin is held.核对依据:Label: WARFARIN SODIUM tablet · DailyMed (NLM/FDA) (2012)