II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QTc = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
识别这条 II 导联心电图上的节律。点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1窦性心动过速
2心室颤动
3室性心动过速
4室上性心动过速(SVT)
13.优先排序与委派中等
Before accessing a central venous catheter, what should the nurse do to prevent infection?
ARinse the hub with tap water and dry it
BTouch the hub to check it is clean
CBlow on the hub to remove any dust before connecting the syringe or line
DScrub the hub with an antiseptic such as chlorhexidine and let it dry
14.优先排序与委派困难
A patient is going home on a new oral anticoagulant. There is only a short time for teaching. Which topic is most important?
AWhich television programs help with relaxation
BHow to cook low-fat meals
CSigns of bleeding and when to seek help
DHow to choose comfortable walking shoes
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
Which drugs are used as antidotes for nerve agent poisoning?
ANaloxone and flumazenil
BAtropine and pralidoxime
CAcetylcysteine and charcoal
DVitamin K and protamine
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
一名活动性肺结核患者要求访客进来探视。最佳回应是什么?
A请访客站在敞开的门口,而不进入房间
B永久禁止一切接触,包括电话
C解释风险,限制探视,并教访客使用所提供的防护
D为了支持患者,让任何访客不加任何预防措施地进入
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient is starting dabigatran, a direct oral anticoagulant. Which laboratory test is most important to review before the first dose?
ATSH, to rule out an overactive thyroid gland
BINR, to set the dose of the anticoagulant
CLipase, to rule out an inflamed pancreas first
DKidney function (creatinine clearance)
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient has eaten very little for 2 weeks and has received broad-spectrum antibiotics. The INR is now 2.3 without warfarin, and the platelets are normal. What is the most likely cause?
AIron-deficiency anemia
BHemophilia A
CImmune thrombocytopenia
DVitamin K deficiency
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: B · Keep moving
为什么是这个答案
SSKIN stands for Surface, Skin inspection, Keep moving, Incontinence and moisture, and Nutrition and hydration. Regular repositioning relieves pressure on the skin.
In DKA, ketoacids consume bicarbonate, causing a metabolic acidosis. The patient breathes deeply and fast (Kussmaul breathing) to lower PaCO2 as compensation.
答案
B · Metabolic acidosis
4.临床护理
答案: D · Rapid drainage can cause re-expansion pulmonary oedema
为什么是这个答案
Draining a large volume quickly can cause re-expansion pulmonary oedema, with cough, chest tightness and hypoxia. Drainage is controlled, and the patient is watched closely.
答案
D · Rapid drainage can cause re-expansion pulmonary oedema
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 11 × 0.04 = 0.44 s
RR = 24 × 0.04 = 0.96 s
Bazett 公式
QTc = 0.44/√0.96 = 0.44/0.9798 = 0.449 s
答案
QTc = 0.449 s
在通常上限之内(男性约 0.45 s,女性约 0.46 s)。(449 ms)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 室性心动过速
室性节律:室性心动过速是连续三个或以上宽大(0.12 s 或以上)的波群,频率超过 100 次/分,通常为 150–250 次/分,节律规则,没有相关的 P 波。心室颤动是紊乱、不规则的波形,无法辨认 P 波、QRS 波群或 T 波,也没有可计数的频率。心脏停搏是几乎平直的线,没有心室活动;平直线一定要通过检查患者、导联和增益并换一个导联来确认。在复苏指南中,室颤和无脉性室速是可电击心律,心脏停搏则不是。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 10 个小格,1500 ÷ 10 ≈ 150 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.40 s。
3. P 波:无法辨认。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:0.16 s,增宽(0.12 s 或以上)。
解读
室性心动过速
答案
室性心动过速
在复苏指南中,室颤和无脉性室速是可电击心律。这里只是识别练习。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: D · Scrub the hub with an antiseptic such as chlorhexidine and let it dry
为什么是这个答案
Scrubbing the needleless connector with an antiseptic, such as chlorhexidine or alcohol, and letting it dry reduces central line infections. Aseptic technique is used for every access.
答案
D · Scrub the hub with an antiseptic such as chlorhexidine and let it dry
14.优先排序与委派
答案: C · Signs of bleeding and when to seek help
为什么是这个答案
The main risk of anticoagulants is bleeding, so the patient must know the signs, such as black stools or blood in the urine, and when to seek help. Other topics can follow later.
答案
C · Signs of bleeding and when to seek help
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: B · Atropine and pralidoxime
为什么是这个答案
Nerve agents inhibit acetylcholinesterase, causing excess acetylcholine. Atropine blocks muscarinic effects such as secretions and bradycardia, and pralidoxime helps to reactivate the enzyme.
答案
B · Atropine and pralidoxime
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · 解释风险,限制探视,并教访客使用所提供的防护
为什么是这个答案
应依据规定限制探视,辅以教育和防护,患者仍留在关闭的负压病房中。在敞开的门口探视会破坏负压。
答案
C · 解释风险,限制探视,并教访客使用所提供的防护
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: D · Kidney function (creatinine clearance)
为什么是这个答案
Dabigatran is excreted mainly by the kidneys, so poor kidney function raises the drug level and bleeding risk. Kidney function is checked before starting and regularly afterwards. Routine INR monitoring is not used for direct oral anticoagulants.核对依据:Dabigatran · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案
D · Kidney function (creatinine clearance)
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: D · Vitamin K deficiency
为什么是这个答案
Vitamin K comes from the diet and from gut bacteria. Poor intake plus antibiotics can cause vitamin K deficiency, which lowers factors II, VII, IX and X and prolongs the PT/INR. Vitamin K replacement corrects it.核对依据:Vitamin K Deficiency in Neonates and Adults (StatPearls) · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2026); Prothrombin time (PT) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)