II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
心室率 = bpm
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
识别这条 II 导联心电图上的节律。点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1心房扑动,2:1 传导
2室上性心动过速(SVT)
3心房颤动
4室性心动过速
13.优先排序与委派中等
An anxious patient is breathing very fast and has tingling fingers. The blood gas shows pH 7.51 and PaCO₂ 29 mmHg (3.9 kPa). What should the nurse do first?
AGive IV sodium bicarbonate as soon as it can be found
BGive oxygen at the highest flow and leave the room
CEncourage the patient to breathe even faster
DStay with the patient and coach slow, calm breathing
A patient's creatinine was 0.9 mg/dL (80 µmol/L) on admission and is 1.3 mg/dL (115 µmol/L) 36 hours later. Using the common KDIGO criteria, what does this show?
AChronic kidney disease, because creatinine has risen above baseline
BNo kidney injury, because the creatinine is still within the normal range
CA laboratory error, because creatinine cannot change within 2 days
DAcute kidney injury, because it rose by at least 0.3 mg/dL within 48 hours
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: A · A patient with reduced sensation from diabetic neuropathy
为什么是这个答案
Patients who cannot feel heat properly, such as those with neuropathy, spinal injury or reduced consciousness, can be burned without noticing. Their skin needs extra checks or heat should be avoided.
答案
A · A patient with reduced sensation from diabetic neuropathy
2.护理学基础
答案: C · Very high potassium can cause life-threatening heart arrhythmias
为什么是这个答案
Severe hyperkalaemia can cause cardiac arrest. The result is escalated at once; an ECG and treatment follow, and a repeat sample checks whether the result was falsely raised.
答案
C · Very high potassium can cause life-threatening heart arrhythmias
3.临床护理
答案: A · Do not stop them suddenly
为什么是这个答案
Long-term steroids suppress the adrenal glands, so stopping suddenly can cause adrenal crisis. Patients should carry a steroid alert card or medical ID and follow sick-day guidance.
答案
A · Do not stop them suddenly
4.临床护理
答案: B · "I'll drink as little as possible so I don't leak."
为什么是这个答案
Restricting fluids concentrates urine, irritates the bladder and risks dehydration and infection. Pelvic floor exercises, weight loss and reducing caffeine are recommended measures.
答案
B · "I'll drink as little as possible so I don't leak."
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
扑动波
F–F = 6 个小格 = 0.24 s → 1500 ÷ 6 = 250 次/分
QRS 波群
R–R = 24 个小格 = 0.96 s → 1500 ÷ 24 = 63 次/分
传导比例 = 250 ÷ 63 = 4:1
答案
心室率 = 63 bpm
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 室性心动过速
室性节律:室性心动过速是连续三个或以上宽大(0.12 s 或以上)的波群,频率超过 100 次/分,通常为 150–250 次/分,节律规则,没有相关的 P 波。心室颤动是紊乱、不规则的波形,无法辨认 P 波、QRS 波群或 T 波,也没有可计数的频率。心脏停搏是几乎平直的线,没有心室活动;平直线一定要通过检查患者、导联和增益并换一个导联来确认。在复苏指南中,室颤和无脉性室速是可电击心律,心脏停搏则不是。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 10 个小格,1500 ÷ 10 ≈ 150 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.40 s。
3. P 波:无法辨认。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:0.14 s,增宽(0.12 s 或以上)。
解读
室性心动过速
答案
室性心动过速
在复苏指南中,室颤和无脉性室速是可电击心律。这里只是识别练习。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: D · Stay with the patient and coach slow, calm breathing
为什么是这个答案
These results show respiratory alkalosis caused by hyperventilation. Calming the patient and coaching slower breathing lets carbon dioxide return to normal; the nurse also looks for physical causes.
答案
D · Stay with the patient and coach slow, calm breathing
高钙降低神经和肌肉的兴奋性,引起疲劳、便秘、意识模糊、骨痛和肾结石。手足搐搦和 Chvostek 征是低钙的征象。核对依据:Calcium Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案
B · 便秘、疲劳、意识模糊和肾结石
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: D · Acute kidney injury, because it rose by at least 0.3 mg/dL within 48 hours
为什么是这个答案
KDIGO defines AKI as a creatinine rise of at least 0.3 mg/dL (26.5 µmol/L) within 48 hours, a rise to 1.5 times baseline within 7 days, or urine output below 0.5 mL/kg/h for 6 hours. A result inside the reference range can still be a significant rise.
答案
D · Acute kidney injury, because it rose by at least 0.3 mg/dL within 48 hours