II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1室性心动过速
2加速性交界性心律
3室上性心动过速(SVT)
4窦性心动过速
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这条 II 导联心电图显示房室传导阻滞,所以心房和心室以不同的频率搏动。QRS 波群是规则的:求出心室率(单位:次/分,1500 法,取整数)。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
心室率 = bpm
13.优先排序与委派中等
When making patient assignments, what should the charge nurse consider first?
AGiving the newest staff the most complex patients
BMatching each patient’s needs to staff competence
CGiving each nurse patients in rooms next to each other
DLetting staff choose the patients they prefer
14.优先排序与委派困难
An infant with pyloric stenosis has repeated projectile vomiting. Which acid-base imbalance is most likely?
AMetabolic alkalosis
BRespiratory acidosis
CRespiratory alkalosis
DMetabolic acidosis
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
How should the urethral meatus be cared for in a patient with an indwelling urinary catheter?
AWith routine hygiene, using soap and water during daily washing
BWith daily bladder irrigation using an antibiotic solution through the catheter
CBy sliding the catheter in and out a little to clean it
DWith antiseptic cream applied to the meatus every shift
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A nurse notices that the pharmacy has sent the wrong dose and corrects it before giving it. Should the event be reported?
ANo, because the patient was not harmed
BYes, near misses are reported so system weaknesses can be fixed
COnly if the same error happens three times
DNo, because reporting near misses only blames the pharmacy staff for nothing
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
When should a blood sample for a digoxin level be drawn to be interpreted correctly?
AOnly after a meal, because food is needed for absorption
BWithin 30 minutes after an oral dose to show the peak level
CAt any time, because digoxin levels do not change during the day
DAt least 6–8 hours after a dose, often just before the next one
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
Which patient's result should the nurse act on first?
AHemoglobin 9.6 g/dL (96 g/L) in a patient with stable chronic kidney disease
BHemoglobin 6.4 g/dL (64 g/L) with new chest pain and a pulse of 124/min
CPlatelets 140 × 10³/µL in a patient with mild chronic liver disease
DFerritin 15 ng/mL in a well patient with known iron-deficiency anemia on oral iron
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: B · In the morning, from a deep cough, before antibiotics start
为什么是这个答案
An early-morning sample from deep in the chest gives the best yield. Saliva is not sputum, and antibiotics can stop organisms growing in the lab.
答案
B · In the morning, from a deep cough, before antibiotics start
2.护理学基础
答案: A · Remove the gloves, perform hand hygiene and put on new sterile gloves
为什么是这个答案
A sterile glove that touches a non-sterile surface is contaminated and must be replaced. Cleaning it or covering it does not restore sterility.
答案
A · Remove the gloves, perform hand hygiene and put on new sterile gloves
3.临床护理
答案: D · Tell staff about the pacemaker before any MRI scan or procedure
为什么是这个答案
Patients carry a device card and tell staff before MRI, surgery with diathermy or similar procedures. Arm movement on the pacemaker side is limited only for a short period after insertion.
答案
D · Tell staff about the pacemaker before any MRI scan or procedure
4.临床护理
答案: C · A fall in blood pressure
为什么是这个答案
Young adults compensate for blood loss with tachycardia and vasoconstriction, so blood pressure may stay normal until a large volume is lost. Hypotension is therefore a late and serious sign.
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。 窄 QRS 心动过速与停顿:室上性心动过速(SVT)是规则的心动过速,约 150–250 次/分钟,QRS 波群较窄;P 波通常看不到,因为它们隐藏在 QRS 波群或 T 波中。成人静息时的窦性心动过速通常低于约 150 次/分钟,且每个 QRS 前都有可见的 P 波;伴 2:1 传导的心房扑动常在约 150 次/分钟,并显示锯齿波。窦性停搏是指窦房结暂时停止发放冲动:出现既无 P 波也无 QRS 的停顿,其长度不是 P–P 周期的整数倍(恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞)。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 9 个小格,1500 ÷ 9 ≈ 167 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.36 s。
3. P 波:看不到;在这个心率下,它们隐藏在 QRS 波群或 T 波中。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:0.08 s,较窄(低于 0.12 s),所以心律起源于心室以上。
解读
室上性心动过速(SVT)
答案
室上性心动过速(SVT)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 心室率 = 48 bpm
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
答案: B · Matching each patient’s needs to staff competence
为什么是这个答案
Assignments are based mainly on patient acuity and needs and on each staff member’s skills and scope. Geography and continuity of care help, but they come after safety.
答案
B · Matching each patient’s needs to staff competence
14.优先排序与委派
答案: A · Metabolic alkalosis
为什么是这个答案
Repeated vomiting of stomach contents loses hydrochloric acid, causing metabolic alkalosis, often with low chloride and potassium. Fluids and electrolytes are corrected before surgery.
答案
A · Metabolic alkalosis
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: A · With routine hygiene, using soap and water during daily washing
为什么是这个答案
Routine perineal hygiene with soap and water is recommended. Antiseptic creams and routine irrigation do not reduce infection, and moving the catheter in and out carries organisms into the bladder.
答案
A · With routine hygiene, using soap and water during daily washing
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: B · Yes, near misses are reported so system weaknesses can be fixed
为什么是这个答案
Near misses show where errors can slip through and are reported in the same way as errors that reach the patient. Learning from them prevents future harm.
答案
B · Yes, near misses are reported so system weaknesses can be fixed
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: D · At least 6–8 hours after a dose, often just before the next one
为什么是这个答案
Digoxin distributes slowly from blood to tissues, so a sample taken too soon after a dose is falsely high. Levels are drawn at least 6–8 hours after a dose, commonly as a trough before the next dose.
答案
D · At least 6–8 hours after a dose, often just before the next one
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: B · Hemoglobin 6.4 g/dL (64 g/L) with new chest pain and a pulse of 124/min
为什么是这个答案
Severe anemia with chest pain and tachycardia suggests the heart is not receiving enough oxygen, which needs urgent action, often including transfusion. The other results are mildly abnormal but expected or stable.核对依据:Anemia · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2026)
答案
B · Hemoglobin 6.4 g/dL (64 g/L) with new chest pain and a pulse of 124/min