II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QTc = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这条 II 导联心电图显示房室传导阻滞,所以心房和心室以不同的频率搏动。测量 P–P 间期,求出心房率(单位:次/分,1500 法,取整数)。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
心房率 = bpm
13.优先排序与委派中等
甲状腺手术后四小时,护士应首先处理患者的哪项发现?
A颈部敷料上可见少量浆液性渗出
B切口疼痛 4/10
C声音越来越嘶哑,并出现新的喘鸣样呼吸
D要求坐起来喝水
14.优先排序与委派困难
A patient suddenly has severe pain in one leg. The leg is pale and cold with no pedal pulse. What does this suggest?
AAcute arterial occlusion, which is an emergency
BChronic venous insufficiency that needs elevation
CA muscle cramp that will pass with stretching
DA deep vein thrombosis that can be treated next week
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
Why is keeping a patient warm (normothermia) during surgery part of infection prevention?
AWarmth sterilizes the surgical site
BLow body temperature reduces blood flow and immune function in the wound
CWarm patients do not need antibiotic prophylaxis
DCold makes bacteria grow faster in the operating room air and on the drapes
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
一名活动性肺结核患者要求访客进来探视。最佳回应是什么?
A为了支持患者,让任何访客不加任何预防措施地进入
B请访客站在敞开的门口,而不进入房间
C永久禁止一切接触,包括电话
D解释风险,限制探视,并教访客使用所提供的防护
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient has a calcium of 7.0 mg/dL (1.75 mmol/L) and tingling around the mouth. Which nursing measure is most appropriate?
APromote walking to move calcium back into the bone
BLimit dairy products until the level falls again
CPut seizure precautions in place and report the result
DEncourage 3 L of fluid per day to dilute the calcium
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
The nurse teaches a patient with chronic kidney disease about a potassium-restricted diet. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"Dried apricots and raisins will be a good snack for me now"
B"I'll limit bananas, oranges and potatoes in my meals"
C"I can leach potatoes by soaking them before cooking them"
D"I'll check food labels and ask my dietitian about portion sizes"
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: A · Secondary intention
为什么是这个答案
Wounds with tissue loss that cannot be closed heal by secondary intention, with granulation filling the wound and more scarring. Tertiary (delayed primary) closure is when a wound is left open first and closed later.
答案
A · Secondary intention
2.护理学基础
答案: C · Higher angles make the patient slide down, causing shear over the sacrum
为什么是这个答案
When the head is raised high, the body tends to slide while the skin stays still, distorting the tissues over the sacrum. Keeping the angle low, where safe, reduces this shear.
答案
C · Higher angles make the patient slide down, causing shear over the sacrum
3.临床护理
答案: A · Constipation
为什么是这个答案
Opioids slow gut movement, and constipation persists with long-term use. A regular laxative is usually prescribed together with the opioid.
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 8.5 × 0.04 = 0.34 s
RR = 19 × 0.04 = 0.76 s
Bazett 公式
QTc = 0.34/√0.76 = 0.34/0.8718 = 0.39 s
答案
QTc = 0.39 s
在通常上限之内(男性约 0.45 s,女性约 0.46 s)。(390 ms)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 心房率 = 83 bpm
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
答案: A · Acute arterial occlusion, which is an emergency
为什么是这个答案
Sudden pain, pallor, coldness and loss of pulse suggest an embolus blocking an artery. The limb can be lost within hours, so the nurse escalates immediately.
答案
A · Acute arterial occlusion, which is an emergency
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: B · Low body temperature reduces blood flow and immune function in the wound
为什么是这个答案
Hypothermia causes vasoconstriction and less oxygen in the wound, which weakens the immune defense. Keeping the patient warm is linked to fewer surgical site infections.
答案
B · Low body temperature reduces blood flow and immune function in the wound
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: D · 解释风险,限制探视,并教访客使用所提供的防护
为什么是这个答案
应依据规定限制探视,辅以教育和防护,患者仍留在关闭的负压病房中。在敞开的门口探视会破坏负压。
答案
D · 解释风险,限制探视,并教访客使用所提供的防护
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: C · Put seizure precautions in place and report the result
为什么是这个答案
Hypocalcemia increases neuromuscular excitability and can cause tetany, laryngospasm and seizures. The nurse reports the result, keeps the patient safe with seizure precautions and expects calcium replacement. The other measures fit hypercalcemia.核对依据:Hypoparathyroidism · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答案
C · Put seizure precautions in place and report the result
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: A · "Dried apricots and raisins will be a good snack for me now"
为什么是这个答案
Dried fruits such as apricots and raisins are very high in potassium and should be limited in kidney disease with hyperkalemia. Limiting high-potassium foods, leaching vegetables and reading labels are correct strategies.核对依据:Potassium in diet · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026); Spironolactone · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2018)
答案
A · "Dried apricots and raisins will be a good snack for me now"