练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Devine 公式求一位身高 173 cm 的男性的理想体重IBW(1 in = 2.54 cm)。 保留一位小数。
173 cm男性1 in = 2.54 cm
IBW = kg
10.肠内与肠外营养计算困难
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 在 24 小时内,一位患者接受 1000 mL 肠外营养,终浓度为 12.5% 葡萄糖和 4% 氨基酸,另加 250 mL 10% 脂肪乳(1.1 kcal/mL)。 求患者获得的总热量E(kcal/天)。 取整到最接近的整数。
1000 mL葡萄糖 12.5%氨基酸 4%脂肪 250 mL · 1.1 kcal/mL
E = kcal/天
11.心电图节律条带解读中等
测量这条 II 导联心电图上的QT 间期,以秒为单位。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QT = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这条 II 导联心电图显示心房与心室之间存在传导问题。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
2三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
3一度房室传导阻滞
4二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
13.优先排序与委派中等
A patient arrives in the recovery room after general anesthesia. What does the nurse assess first?
AAirway patency and breathing
BThe surgical dressing and the drains
CThe pain score
DUrine output
14.优先排序与委派困难
在 START 分诊中,一名成人没有呼吸。调整气道体位后,伤员仍不呼吸。正确的类别是什么?
A红色,并立即开始心肺复苏
B黄色,稍后再回来
C红色,因为没有呼吸是最紧急的发现
D黑色(死亡或期待观察)
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
When should the transparent dressing over a peripheral IV site be changed?
AEvery hour, so the site can be cleaned again
BOnly when the patient asks for a new dressing
CWhen it is damp, loose or visibly soiled
DOnly when the IV catheter is removed, whatever its state
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A nurse often skips barcode scanning to save time, as many colleagues do. In a just culture, how is this behavior classed?
AReckless behavior, managed by immediate dismissal and reporting to the licensing board
BAt-risk behavior, managed by coaching and fixing the system pressures behind it
CSimple human error, managed only by consoling the nurse and moving on
DAcceptable behavior, because it is common on the unit
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
为什么肝衰竭患者即使没有服用华法林,INR 也可能升高?
A胆红素直接破坏凝血因子
B肾脏不再从血液中清除凝血因子
C白蛋白是一种凝血因子,其水平下降
D肝脏合成大多数凝血因子,因此合成减少
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient with suspected Cushing syndrome takes dexamethasone at night. The next morning, the cortisol is still high. What does this suggest?
ACortisol is being produced without normal feedback control
BThe result is normal, as dexamethasone raises cortisol
CThe patient has primary hypothyroidism instead
DThe adrenal glands are not able to produce enough cortisol
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: B · Measure the legs to get the right size and check for arterial disease
为什么是这个答案
Wrong-sized stockings can cause skin damage or a tourniquet effect. They are not used in significant peripheral arterial disease, and the skin is checked daily.
答案
B · Measure the legs to get the right size and check for arterial disease
2.护理学基础
答案: B · Move the patient away from immediate danger
为什么是这个答案
The first priority is to rescue anyone in immediate danger, then raise the alarm, contain the fire by closing doors and only then try to extinguish it if safe. Opening windows feeds a fire with oxygen.
答案: A · Some anticonvulsants or antidepressants, such as gabapentin
为什么是这个答案
Neuropathic pain responds poorly to standard analgesics. Drugs that modify nerve signalling, such as gabapentinoids and some antidepressants, are used, with doses increased gradually.
答案
A · Some anticonvulsants or antidepressants, such as gabapentin
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
从 QRS 起点到 T 波终点共 12 个小格
转换
QT = 12 × 0.04 s = 0.48 s
答案
QT = 0.48 s
粗略的规则:在正常心率下,QT 应小于 R–R 间期的一半(此处 R–R = 1.12 s)。
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
五个步骤
1. 心率:6 秒内有 5 个 QRS 波群,× 10 = 50 次/分。
2. 节律:P 波规则;R–R 规则,只有一处因缺少 QRS 而出现长暂停。
3. P 波:直立且规则(P–P 0.80 s,75 次/分);每 3 个 P 波中有一个后面没有 QRS。
4. PR 间期:下传的搏动中恒定为 0.24 s。
5. QRS:0.14 s,增宽(0.12 s 或以上)。
解读
二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
答案
二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
II 型和三度阻滞可能突然进展,所以教科书将它们列为比 I 型更严重。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: A · Airway patency and breathing
为什么是这个答案
After anesthesia, the airway can be blocked by the tongue or secretions, and breathing may be depressed. The airway and breathing are checked first, followed by circulation and the wound.
A dressing that is wet, loose or dirty no longer protects the insertion site and is changed using aseptic technique. Otherwise, it is changed according to policy.
答案
C · When it is damp, loose or visibly soiled
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: B · At-risk behavior, managed by coaching and fixing the system pressures behind it
为什么是这个答案
At-risk behavior is a choice whose risk is not recognized or is believed to be justified, often because shortcuts have become normal. It is managed by coaching and removing the pressures behind it, while reckless behavior may need disciplinary action.
答案
B · At-risk behavior, managed by coaching and fixing the system pressures behind it
答案: A · Cortisol is being produced without normal feedback control
为什么是这个答案
Dexamethasone normally suppresses ACTH and lowers morning cortisol. Failure to suppress suggests autonomous cortisol excess (Cushing syndrome). Further tests then find the source, such as a pituitary or adrenal tumor.
答案
A · Cortisol is being produced without normal feedback control