答案: A · Very high potassium can cause life-threatening heart arrhythmias
为什么是这个答案
Severe hyperkalaemia can cause cardiac arrest. The result is escalated at once; an ECG and treatment follow, and a repeat sample checks whether the result was falsely raised.
答案
A · Very high potassium can cause life-threatening heart arrhythmias
3.临床护理
答案: D · Take it with plain water on an empty stomach and stay upright for 30 minutes
为什么是这个答案
Alendronic acid must be taken with plain water before food, and the patient must stay upright to reduce oesophageal irritation. Food, milk and antacids reduce absorption.
答案
D · Take it with plain water on an empty stomach and stay upright for 30 minutes
4.临床护理
答案: D · "My output will be firm and formed like before."
为什么是这个答案
Ileostomy output is liquid to porridge-like because it bypasses the colon. The other statements describe correct care: good hydration, emptying the bag before it is too heavy and recognising a healthy stoma.
答案
D · "My output will be firm and formed like before."
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 34 个小格,1500 ÷ 34 ≈ 44 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 1.36 s。
3. P 波:看不到。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
交界性心律
答案
交界性心律
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 心室起搏心律
起搏心律:起搏器脉冲表现为一条细而垂直的起搏钉样信号。心室钉样信号之后的 QRS 是增宽的(0.12 s 或以上),因为冲动是从导线经心肌传播,而不是经传导系统;右心室起搏时,在 II 导联上通常以负向为主。P 波之前的钉样信号表示心房起搏;双腔(房室)起搏器则表现为心房钉样信号加 P 波,再经过程控的房室延迟,出现心室钉样信号和增宽的 QRS。夺获是指每个钉样信号之后都跟着一次除极。夺获失败是指钉样信号之后没有 P 波或 QRS;感知不良(钉样信号无视患者自己的心搏)和起搏不良(该出现钉样信号时没有)是另外两种典型的故障。
答案: D · Apply firm, direct pressure just above the puncture site
为什么是这个答案
Direct manual pressure just above the puncture site compresses the femoral artery and stops bleeding. The patient keeps the leg straight, and the nurse checks vital signs and distal pulses and informs the provider.
答案
D · Apply firm, direct pressure just above the puncture site
答案: B · Explain why the precautions are needed and plan regular, unhurried time in the room
为什么是这个答案
Isolation can cause loneliness, anxiety and depression, and patients in isolation may get less contact with staff. The nurse explains the reason for the precautions, spends planned time with the patient and supports visits from people who follow the precautions.
答案
B · Explain why the precautions are needed and plan regular, unhurried time in the room
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: B · A rise in blood glucose
为什么是这个答案
Glucocorticoids raise blood glucose by increasing glucose production and reducing insulin sensitivity. They also tend to lower potassium, retain sodium and raise the white cell count by releasing neutrophils into the blood.核对依据:Blood Glucose Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)