Four drug levels are reported. Which patient should the nurse assess first?
AValproate 75 mcg/mL with no symptoms
BDigoxin 1.0 ng/mL with a pulse of 72/min
CPhenytoin 15 mcg/mL with no symptoms
DLithium 1.8 mEq/L with a new coarse tremor
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: A · On their side with the head turned, with suction ready
为什么是这个答案
Side-lying lets fluid drain from the mouth instead of into the airway. Only small amounts of fluid are used, and suction is kept at hand to reduce the risk of aspiration.
答案
A · On their side with the head turned, with suction ready
2.护理学基础
答案: A · Ask the patient to show how they use it
为什么是这个答案
A return demonstration shows whether a psychomotor skill has been learned and lets the nurse correct mistakes. Saying "yes, I understand" does not prove the technique is right.
答案
A · Ask the patient to show how they use it
3.临床护理
答案: D · Only the patient should press the button
为什么是这个答案
If the patient becomes too sedated, they stop pressing the button, which protects them. When others press it, this safety mechanism is lost and overdose can occur.
答案
D · Only the patient should press the button
4.临床护理
答案: B · 高尖的 T 波
为什么是这个答案
高钾血症引起 T 波高尖,随后 QRS 增宽,可能出现正弦波样图形并心搏骤停。低钾血症引起 T 波低平和 U 波。
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
五个步骤
1. 心率:6 秒内有 8 个 QRS 波群,× 10 = 80 次/分。
2. 节律:绝对不规则,R–R 在 0.60 至 0.90 s 之间,没有规律。
3. P 波:无;基线上可见细小不规则的颤动波。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
心房颤动
答案
心房颤动
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 每组的 P 波数 = 4
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
逐个标出 P 波
P–P = 0.88 s,规则;每 4 个 P 波中有一个未下传
每组中的 PR
PR₁ = 0.20 s, PR₂ = 0.32 s, PR₃ = 0.38 s
答案
每组的 P 波数 = 4
4:3 文氏阻滞。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: B · Taking an oral temperature just after the patient drank cold water
为什么是这个答案
A cold drink lowers mouth temperature for a short time, so the reading will be falsely low. The nurse should ask the assistant to wait before measuring. The other actions are correct.
答案
B · Taking an oral temperature just after the patient drank cold water
14.优先排序与委派
答案: C · That the child is passing urine
为什么是这个答案
Potassium is not added to IV fluids until the child is passing urine, because poor kidney function can let potassium build up to dangerous levels.
答案
C · That the child is passing urine
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: A · 使外观相似的药名更容易区分
为什么是这个答案
Tall Man 标注法把相似药名中不同的字母用大写表示,使工作人员在阅读标签、屏幕和医嘱时能注意到差异。
答案
A · 使外观相似的药名更容易区分
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: B · Stop the transfusion
为什么是这个答案
These signs suggest an acute transfusion reaction, possibly hemolytic. The nurse stops the transfusion at once, keeps the IV open with normal saline through new tubing, assesses the patient and notifies the provider and blood bank.
答案: D · Lithium 1.8 mEq/L with a new coarse tremor
为什么是这个答案
A lithium level of 1.8 mEq/L with a coarse tremor suggests toxicity, which can progress to confusion and seizures. The digoxin, phenytoin and valproate levels are within commonly cited ranges and the patients are stable.