Neuropathic pain comes from damage to nerves, for example in diabetes, and is often burning, shooting or tingling. It may respond poorly to standard analgesics and need specific drugs.
答案
D · Neuropathic pain
3.临床护理
答案: A · Genital fungal infections
为什么是这个答案
SGLT2 inhibitors cause glycosuria, which increases the risk of genital thrush and urinary infections. They can also rarely cause DKA with only modestly raised glucose.
答案
A · Genital fungal infections
4.临床护理
答案: B · Without any insulin they can develop diabetic ketoacidosis
为什么是这个答案
People with type 1 diabetes make no insulin, so stopping it causes ketosis and DKA. Basal insulin is usually continued, often with a variable-rate insulin infusion and glucose monitoring.
答案
B · Without any insulin they can develop diabetic ketoacidosis
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 10 × 0.04 = 0.40 s
RR = 18 × 0.04 = 0.72 s
Bazett 公式
QTc = 0.40/√0.72 = 0.40/0.8485 = 0.471 s
答案
QTc = 0.471 s
超过男性(约 0.45 s)和女性(约 0.46 s)的通常上限:延长。(471 ms)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 心室颤动
室性节律:室性心动过速是连续三个或以上宽大(0.12 s 或以上)的波群,频率超过 100 次/分,通常为 150–250 次/分,节律规则,没有相关的 P 波。心室颤动是紊乱、不规则的波形,无法辨认 P 波、QRS 波群或 T 波,也没有可计数的频率。心脏停搏是几乎平直的线,没有心室活动;平直线一定要通过检查患者、导联和增益并换一个导联来确认。在复苏指南中,室颤和无脉性室速是可电击心律,心脏停搏则不是。
答案: D · Stop the LPN/LVN and contact the prescriber or pharmacist about another form
为什么是这个答案
Crushing an extended-release tablet releases the whole dose at once and can cause toxicity, such as severe bradycardia or hypotension. The RN steps in now and arranges a suitable form.
答案
D · Stop the LPN/LVN and contact the prescriber or pharmacist about another form
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: A · Hold it away from the uniform and place it straight into a linen bag
为什么是这个答案
Soiled linen is rolled up, held away from the uniform and placed directly into a laundry bag at the bedside. Shaking linen spreads organisms into the air, and the floor is a contaminated surface.
答案
A · Hold it away from the uniform and place it straight into a linen bag
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: A · Use only MRI-safe equipment, and never take a standard steel oxygen cylinder into the scanner room
为什么是这个答案
Steel oxygen cylinders can become projectiles in an MRI room and cause fatal injuries. Only equipment labeled MRI-safe is used, and the patient’s oxygen needs are planned with the MRI team.
答案
A · Use only MRI-safe equipment, and never take a standard steel oxygen cylinder into the scanner room
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: D · Send the fluid for cell count and culture and report it
为什么是这个答案
Cloudy effluent with abdominal pain suggests peritonitis, the main serious complication of peritoneal dialysis. A sample is sent for white cell count, Gram stain and culture, and antibiotics (often given in the dialysis fluid) are started as prescribed.核对依据:Dialysis - peritoneal · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案
D · Send the fluid for cell count and culture and report it