CRespiratory rate 24/min, new confusion, systolic BP 95 mmHg
DRespiratory rate 18/min, alert, systolic BP 130 mmHg, temperature 38.5 °C
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
In the US, when is a pregnant woman without known risk factors usually screened for gestational diabetes?
AAt about 38–40 weeks of pregnancy
BAt about 24–28 weeks of pregnancy
CAt about 6–8 weeks of pregnancy
DOnly after the baby is born
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
The nurse teaches a patient with thrombocytopenia (platelets 25 × 10³/µL) about home safety. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A"I'll blow my nose gently, not forcefully"
B"I'll take aspirin if I get a headache"
C"I'll use an electric razor to shave"
D"I'll use a soft-bristled toothbrush"
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: C · Keep the mouth and lips moist with frequent gentle care
为什么是这个答案
Frequent gentle mouth care with moist swabs, water sprays and lip balm keeps the patient comfortable. Forcing fluids risks choking and aspiration.
答案
C · Keep the mouth and lips moist with frequent gentle care
2.护理学基础
答案: D · 读数假性偏高
为什么是这个答案
手臂低于心脏水平会增加静水压,使读数偏高。应让患者坐好放松,并把手臂支撑在心脏水平。
答案
D · 读数假性偏高
3.临床护理
答案: B · Increased urine output, less breathlessness and a falling weight
为什么是这个答案
Effective diuresis increases urine output and reduces congestion, so breathing improves and weight falls. Electrolytes, renal function and blood pressure are also monitored.
答案
B · Increased urine output, less breathlessness and a falling weight
4.临床护理
答案: D · 肝素诱导的血小板减少症
为什么是这个答案
HIT 通常在开始使用肝素 5–10 天后出现,血小板下降超过 50%,并有血栓风险。应停用肝素,改用非肝素类抗凝药。
理想体重(Devine):男性 IBW = 50 kg + 身高超过 5 英尺(60 in)的每英寸加 2.3 kg,女性 IBW = 45.5 kg + 超过 60 in 的每英寸加 2.3 kg;1 in = 2.54 cm。该公式适用于身高至少 152.4 cm(5 ft)的成人。 危重症肥胖患者(ASPEN/SCCM 2016):BMI = 体重/身高²(kg/m²)。BMI 30–40 时蛋白质目标为每天每 kg 理想体重 2 g,BMI 40 及以上时最高为每天每 kg 理想体重 2.5 g。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
体质指数
BMI = 97/1.71² = 33.17 kg/m²
理想体重(Devine)
171 cm/2.54 = 67.32 in
IBW = 45.5 + 2.3·(67.32 − 60) = 62.34 kg
蛋白质目标
BMI 30 至不足 40:每 kg 理想体重 2 g。
P = 2·62.34 = 124.7 ≈ 125 g/天
答案
P = 125 g/天
11.心电图节律条带解读
答案: QTc = 0.48 s
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 12 × 0.04 = 0.48 s
RR = 25 × 0.04 = 1.00 s
Fridericia 公式
QTc = 0.48/∛1.00 = 0.48/1 = 0.48 s
答案
QTc = 0.48 s
超过男性(约 0.45 s)和女性(约 0.46 s)的通常上限:延长。(480 ms)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: P 波
每条心电图的五个步骤:1. 心率(300 法或 1500 法;若不规则则用 6 秒法);2. 节律:R–R 间期是否相等;3. P 波:是否存在、在 II 导联直立、每个 QRS 之前各有一个且形态一致;4. PR 间期:0.12–0.20 s 且恒定;5. QRS 时限:低于 0.12 s。五个步骤做完之后才命名节律。正常窦性心律五项全部符合:60–100 次/分,规则,每个 QRS 之前有直立 P 波,PR 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 低于 0.12 s。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 19 个小格,1500 ÷ 19 ≈ 79 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.76 s。
3. P 波:倒置,紧邻每个 QRS 之前。
4. PR 间期:0.08 s,短于 0.12 s。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
第一个异常的步骤
P 波 → 加速性交界性心律
答案
P 波
13.优先排序与委派
答案: D · Hold the warfarin dose and inform the provider
为什么是这个答案
An INR well above target raises the risk of serious bleeding. The nurse holds the dose, informs the provider and watches for bleeding. Without bleeding, holding warfarin is usually enough at this level; vitamin K is mainly used for very high INRs or bleeding.
答案
D · Hold the warfarin dose and inform the provider
14.优先排序与委派
答案: D · Standard precautions, because it does not usually spread from person to person
为什么是这个答案
Inhalational anthrax is not spread from person to person, so standard precautions are used. Contact precautions may be added for skin (cutaneous) anthrax with draining lesions.
答案
D · Standard precautions, because it does not usually spread from person to person
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: D · Contact the local poison advice service now for specific advice
为什么是这个答案
A poison advice service (poison control in the US, or NHS 111 in the UK) can give advice for the exact product. Inducing vomiting is not recommended, because corrosive products can burn the esophagus again and vomit can be aspirated. Emergency services are called if the child has trouble breathing or is drowsy.
答案
D · Contact the local poison advice service now for specific advice
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · Respiratory rate 24/min, new confusion, systolic BP 95 mmHg
为什么是这个答案
qSOFA scores one point each for a respiratory rate of 22/min or more, altered mental status and a systolic BP of 100 mmHg or less. Two or more points mean higher risk, so the first patient needs urgent escalation.
答案
C · Respiratory rate 24/min, new confusion, systolic BP 95 mmHg
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: B · At about 24–28 weeks of pregnancy
为什么是这个答案
Placental hormones increase insulin resistance in the second half of pregnancy, so US guidance recommends screening all women at 24–28 weeks, with earlier testing for those with risk factors. In the UK, NICE recommends an oral glucose tolerance test at 24–28 weeks only for women with risk factors.核对依据:Glucose screening tests during pregnancy · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026); Gestational diabetes · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答案
B · At about 24–28 weeks of pregnancy
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: B · "I'll take aspirin if I get a headache"
为什么是这个答案
Aspirin irreversibly inhibits platelet function and raises the bleeding risk further in thrombocytopenia, so it and other NSAIDs are avoided unless prescribed. An electric razor, gentle nose blowing and a soft toothbrush reduce minor bleeding.核对依据:Bleeding and Bruising (Thrombocytopenia) and Cancer Treatment · National Cancer Institute (NIH) (2022); Aspirin · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)