II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QTc = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
识别这条 II 导联心电图上的节律。点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1心室颤动
2心房颤动
3尖端扭转型室性心动过速
4心房扑动,4:1 传导
13.优先排序与委派中等
A patient with heart failure gained 2 kg (about 4 lb) since yesterday and is more breathless when lying down. What should the nurse do first?
AEncourage extra fluids to correct the weight change
BAssess the lungs, oxygen saturation and swelling, then inform the provider
CLay the patient flat to help them breathe more easily
DRecord the weight on the chart and recheck it at the next weekly weigh-in
14.优先排序与委派困难
一名从房屋火灾中获救的患者面部烧伤,鼻毛烧焦,声音嘶哑。优先事项是什么?
A开始根据烧伤面积计算的静脉液体复苏
B保护气道,准备早期气道支持
C给予止痛
D清洁并包扎面部烧伤
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
How does a nurse add a sterile gauze pack to a sterile field that is already set up?
AReach across the field with clean gloves to place the item
BPlace the whole wrapped pack on the field and open it there with sterile gloves
COpen the wrapper away from the field and drop the item on it without reaching over
DTip the item onto the field and push it into place with the wrapper
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
哪项措施最能预防硬膜外输注的给药途径错误?
A硬膜外接口堵塞时改用空闲的静脉接口
B患者的所有输注都使用同一类型的泵和输液管
C把所有管路用胶带粘在一起以保持整齐
D给硬膜外管路做标识,并让其使用专用的输注泵
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient is starting dabigatran, a direct oral anticoagulant. Which laboratory test is most important to review before the first dose?
ATSH, to rule out an overactive thyroid gland
BINR, to set the dose of the anticoagulant
CKidney function (creatinine clearance)
DLipase, to rule out an inflamed pancreas first
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient recovering from acute tubular necrosis now passes 4–5 L of urine a day. Which electrolyte changes should the nurse watch for?
AHigh potassium and high sodium from retention
BNo changes, because the kidneys are now normal
CLow potassium and low sodium from urine losses
DHigh calcium and high phosphate from bone loss
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: C · Explain the risks, inform the doctor and document the discussion
为什么是这个答案
An adult with capacity can discharge themselves. The nurse explains the risks, involves the doctor, offers follow-up and documents the decision; detaining them would be unlawful.
答案
C · Explain the risks, inform the doctor and document the discussion
2.护理学基础
答案: D · Stress incontinence
为什么是这个答案
Stress incontinence occurs when raised abdominal pressure overcomes weak pelvic floor support. Pelvic floor exercises are a first-line treatment. Urge incontinence is a sudden strong need to void.
答案
D · Stress incontinence
3.临床护理
答案: C · 乳酸升高表明组织灌注不良、风险更高
为什么是这个答案
组织灌注不良时乳酸会升高。脓毒症中乳酸高提示病情更重,并用于指导液体复苏。
答案
C · 乳酸升高表明组织灌注不良、风险更高
4.临床护理
答案: D · They reduce complications such as pneumonia, pressure ulcers and delirium
为什么是这个答案
Delayed surgery and immobility increase the risk of chest infection, VTE, pressure ulcers, delirium and loss of independence. Guidelines recommend surgery within about 24–48 hours of admission (UK guidance: the day of or day after) and mobilisation soon after.
答案
D · They reduce complications such as pneumonia, pressure ulcers and delirium
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 10.5 × 0.04 = 0.42 s
RR = 25 × 0.04 = 1.00 s
Bazett 公式
QTc = 0.42/√1.00 = 0.42/1 = 0.42 s
答案
QTc = 0.42 s
在通常上限之内(男性约 0.45 s,女性约 0.46 s)。(420 ms)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 心室颤动
室性节律:室性心动过速是连续三个或以上宽大(0.12 s 或以上)的波群,频率超过 100 次/分,通常为 150–250 次/分,节律规则,没有相关的 P 波。心室颤动是紊乱、不规则的波形,无法辨认 P 波、QRS 波群或 T 波,也没有可计数的频率。心脏停搏是几乎平直的线,没有心室活动;平直线一定要通过检查患者、导联和增益并换一个导联来确认。在复苏指南中,室颤和无脉性室速是可电击心律,心脏停搏则不是。
五个步骤
1. 心率:没有可计数的心室率。
2. 节律:紊乱,没有重复的规律。
3. P 波:无法辨认。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:没有 QRS 波群。
解读
心室颤动
答案
心室颤动
在复苏指南中,室颤和无脉性室速是可电击心律。这里只是识别练习。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: B · Assess the lungs, oxygen saturation and swelling, then inform the provider
为什么是这个答案
A rapid weight gain with orthopnea suggests fluid overload and worsening heart failure. The nurse assesses breathing and fluid status and informs the provider, who may adjust the diuretic.
答案
B · Assess the lungs, oxygen saturation and swelling, then inform the provider
答案: C · Open the wrapper away from the field and drop the item on it without reaching over
为什么是这个答案
The nurse opens the package so the sterile item can be dropped onto the field from a short height, without the wrapper or arms crossing over the sterile area. The item must land well inside the non-sterile border.
答案
C · Open the wrapper away from the field and drop the item on it without reaching over
Dabigatran is excreted mainly by the kidneys, so poor kidney function raises the drug level and bleeding risk. Kidney function is checked before starting and regularly afterwards. Routine INR monitoring is not used for direct oral anticoagulants.核对依据:Dabigatran · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案
C · Kidney function (creatinine clearance)
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: C · Low potassium and low sodium from urine losses
为什么是这个答案
In the diuretic phase of AKI, the recovering tubules lose large amounts of water and electrolytes, so dehydration, hypokalemia and hyponatremia can occur. Daily weights, intake and output, and frequent electrolytes guide replacement.核对依据:Acute tubular necrosis · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案
C · Low potassium and low sodium from urine losses