Which technique is correct when suctioning through a tracheostomy?
ASuction every 15 minutes whether or not secretions are present
BKeep suctioning for at least a minute each time to clear all the secretions
CApply suction only while withdrawing the catheter, for no more than about 10–15 seconds
DApply suction continuously while inserting the catheter as far as it will go
4.临床护理困难
A patient taking dapagliflozin is vomiting and unwell, with high blood ketones and a blood glucose of only 11 mmol/L (198 mg/dL). What should be suspected?
答案: C · Apply suction only while withdrawing the catheter, for no more than about 10–15 seconds
为什么是这个答案
Suctioning only on withdrawal and keeping it brief reduces hypoxia and mucosal damage. Suction is performed when needed, not routinely, and the patient is pre-oxygenated if required.
答案
C · Apply suction only while withdrawing the catheter, for no more than about 10–15 seconds
4.临床护理
答案: A · Euglycaemic diabetic ketoacidosis
为什么是这个答案
SGLT2 inhibitors can cause DKA with near-normal or modestly raised glucose because glucose is lost in the urine. Ketones should be checked in unwell patients on these drugs.
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
从 QRS 起点到 T 波终点共 13 个小格
转换
QT = 13 × 0.04 s = 0.52 s
答案
QT = 0.52 s
粗略的规则:在正常心率下,QT 应小于 R–R 间期的一半(此处 R–R = 1.00 s)。
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 40 个小格,1500 ÷ 40 ≈ 38 次/分。
2. 节律:R–R 规则(1.60 s),P–P 规则(0.68 s),但二者互相独立。
3. P 波:直立且规则,为 88 次/分,但与 QRS 波群无关联;有些藏在 QRS 或 T 波中。
4. PR 间期:逐搏变化;没有固定关系。
5. QRS:0.14 s,增宽(0.12 s 或以上)。
解读
三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
答案
三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
II 型和三度阻滞可能突然进展,所以教科书将它们列为比 I 型更严重。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: D · Relieve pressure on the area by changing position regularly
为什么是这个答案
Non-blanching redness is a stage 1 pressure injury. Relieving pressure through repositioning and support surfaces is the priority; massage can damage tissue further.
答案
D · Relieve pressure on the area by changing position regularly
14.优先排序与委派
答案: A · “I will take ibuprofen every day for my headaches.”
为什么是这个答案
NSAIDs such as ibuprofen can raise lithium levels and cause toxicity. Steady fluid and salt intake and regular blood tests help keep levels safe.
答案
A · “I will take ibuprofen every day for my headaches.”
答案: D · Stay with the transfusing patient for the first 15 minutes and ask another nurse to help
为什么是这个答案
The most serious reactions, such as acute hemolytic reactions and anaphylaxis, usually start within the first 15 minutes. The nurse stays with the patient during this time and finds another person to help elsewhere.
答案
D · Stay with the transfusing patient for the first 15 minutes and ask another nurse to help
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: C · Report it at once so cultures and antibiotics start quickly
为什么是这个答案
Neutropenic fever is a medical emergency, because infection can progress to sepsis rapidly without the usual signs of inflammation. Blood cultures are taken and broad-spectrum antibiotics are started promptly as prescribed.核对依据:Watch Out for Fever · CDC (2024); What You Need to Know: Neutropenia and Risk for Infection · CDC
答案
C · Report it at once so cultures and antibiotics start quickly