这条 II 导联心电图条带显示窦性心律伴一次停顿。测量 停顿,即跨越停顿的 R–R 间期,单位为秒。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
停顿 = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这条 II 导联心电图显示房室传导阻滞,所以心房和心室以不同的频率搏动。QRS 波群是规则的:求出心室率(单位:次/分,1500 法,取整数)。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
心室率 = bpm
13.优先排序与委派中等
使用急诊严重程度指数,哪位患者被评为最高紧急程度?
A咽痛三天、生命体征正常的患者
B胸痛但生命体征正常的患者
C无反应、喘息样不规则呼吸的患者
D可能有踝部骨折的患者
14.优先排序与委派困难
The charge nurse overhears four instructions from an RN to a nursing assistant. Which one needs to be corrected?
A“Check his glucose before lunch and tell me the number straight away.”
B“Check his glucose and give the insulin according to the sliding scale.”
C“Walk him to the bathroom and back, and stay with him the whole time.”
D“Help him wash and change, and tell me at once if you see any red or broken skin.”
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
一名活动性肺结核患者需要前往放射科。应如何转运该患者?
A患者戴手套、穿隔离衣,不需要口罩
B不戴口罩,因为走廊通风良好且路程短
C患者佩戴未经密合性测试的 N95 呼吸器
D患者佩戴外科口罩,并提前通知放射科
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
An audit shows poor hand hygiene compliance on a ward. Which plan is most likely to improve it?
AA combined approach with education, hand rub at every bedside, regular audits and feedback
BDisciplining staff who are seen not cleaning their hands, with no other change
CA single poster about hand hygiene placed in the staff room
DRemoving all sinks so staff must use hand rub
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
一名因房颤服用华法林的患者 INR 为 5.2,无出血。护士最好的措施是什么?
A暂停华法林剂量并通知开医嘱者
B给予通常的剂量,一个月后复查
C建议患者从今天起不再吃绿叶蔬菜
D给予双倍剂量
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
一名糖尿病酮症酸中毒患者正在接受静脉胰岛素输注。哪项实验室数值必须特别密切监测?
A白蛋白,因为胰岛素使肝脏停止生成白蛋白
B血红蛋白,因为胰岛素破坏红细胞
C钠,因为胰岛素使肾脏排出大量的钠
D钾,因为胰岛素使其进入细胞内,可能迅速下降
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: D · Arrange the visit as soon as possible
为什么是这个答案
Spiritual care is an important part of end-of-life care. The nurse responds promptly to such requests and records the patient's wishes.
答案
D · Arrange the visit as soon as possible
2.护理学基础
答案: A · Look for an unmet need such as toileting, pain, hunger or thirst
为什么是这个答案
Restlessness in dementia often has a cause, such as needing the toilet, pain or being cold. Meeting the need is safer than restraint or sedation, which increase the risk of harm.
答案
A · Look for an unmet need such as toileting, pain, hunger or thirst
3.临床护理
答案: B · In the first 15 minutes
为什么是这个答案
Severe reactions such as ABO incompatibility and anaphylaxis usually begin early. The patient should be watched closely in the first 15 minutes, with observations repeated as per local policy.
答案
B · In the first 15 minutes
4.临床护理
答案: D · "A big meal just before bed is fine if I take my tablet."
为什么是这个答案
Large late meals increase reflux even when a PPI is taken. Raising the head of the bed, losing weight and reducing alcohol are correct measures.
答案
D · "A big meal just before bed is fine if I take my tablet."
窄 QRS 心动过速与停顿:室上性心动过速(SVT)是规则的心动过速,约 150–250 次/分钟,QRS 波群较窄;P 波通常看不到,因为它们隐藏在 QRS 波群或 T 波中。成人静息时的窦性心动过速通常低于约 150 次/分钟,且每个 QRS 前都有可见的 P 波;伴 2:1 传导的心房扑动常在约 150 次/分钟,并显示锯齿波。窦性停搏是指窦房结暂时停止发放冲动:出现既无 P 波也无 QRS 的停顿,其长度不是 P–P 周期的整数倍(恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞)。
测量
跨越停顿,从 R 波到 R 波共 35 个小格
转换
停顿 = 35 × 0.04 s = 1.4 s
与 P–P 比较
1.40 ÷ 0.84 ≈ 1.7 个 P–P 周期,不是整数
答案
停顿 = 1.4 s
停顿中没有出现 P 波,且停顿不是 P–P 周期的整数倍:窦性停搏。恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞。
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 心室率 = 29 bpm
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
无反应且有濒死呼吸的患者需要立即的气道和呼吸支持,这是 ESI 1 级。生命体征正常的胸痛属于高危(2 级),其他则是较低级别。
答案
C · 无反应、喘息样不规则呼吸的患者
14.优先排序与委派
答案: B · “Check his glucose and give the insulin according to the sliding scale.”
为什么是这个答案
Giving insulin is medication administration and needs a licensed nurse. Measuring glucose, hygiene and supervised walking are suitable tasks with clear reporting instructions.
答案
B · “Check his glucose and give the insulin according to the sliding scale.”
答案: A · A combined approach with education, hand rub at every bedside, regular audits and feedback
为什么是这个答案
Multimodal strategies, such as easy access to hand rub at the point of care, training, reminders, audits with feedback and leadership support, improve hand hygiene more than single actions.
答案
A · A combined approach with education, hand rub at every bedside, regular audits and feedback