What is the purpose of the Z-track technique for intramuscular injections?
AIt lets the nurse give a larger volume into a small muscle
BIt seals the drug in the muscle and stops it leaking into the tissue above
CIt makes the injection go into the fatty tissue instead of the muscle
DIt numbs the skin before the needle goes in
2.护理学基础困难
For a patient at risk of pressure ulcers, why is the head of the bed usually kept at 30 degrees or less if their condition allows?
AHigher angles always cause breathing problems in patients who are bedbound
BLower angles stop the patient from getting out of bed
CHigher angles make the patient slide down, causing shear over the sacrum
DLower angles increase blood flow to the heels
3.临床护理中等
一名患者的液体平衡记录显示 24 小时入量 1,200 mL,出量 2,300 mL。这表示什么?
A液体正平衡 3,500 mL
B液体负平衡 1,100 mL
C液体正平衡 1,100 mL
D液体出入平衡
4.临床护理困难
A patient with a small leg wound has severe pain out of proportion to the skin changes, rapidly spreading redness and signs of sepsis. What should be suspected?
AA superficial bruise
BNecrotising fasciitis
CSimple cellulitis that will settle with oral antibiotics
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1一度房室传导阻滞
2交界性心律
3心房颤动
4窦性心动过缓
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这条 II 导联心电图显示心房与心室之间存在传导问题。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
2交界性心律
3二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
4三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
13.优先排序与委派中等
A patient has heart failure. Which instruction about daily weights is best to give the nursing assistant?
A“Only weigh him if his ankles look more swollen than they did yesterday afternoon.”
B“Weigh him at any time today, on whichever scale is free.”
C“Weigh him after lunch, fully dressed, with his shoes on.”
D“Weigh him each morning before breakfast, on the same scale, and tell me the result.”
14.优先排序与委派困难
一名头部受伤并伴有腿部骨折的患者正在接受监测。哪项发现是优先事项?
A尽管刚用过镇痛药,腿痛仍为 6/10
B肘部有一处小擦伤
C患者要求吃点东西
D格拉斯哥昏迷评分从 15 分降至 12 分
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
How does a nurse add a sterile gauze pack to a sterile field that is already set up?
AOpen the wrapper away from the field and drop the item on it without reaching over
BReach across the field with clean gloves to place the item
CPlace the whole wrapped pack on the field and open it there with sterile gloves
DTip the item onto the field and push it into place with the wrapper
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A patient on an anticoagulant falls and hits their head but says they feel fine. What should the nurse do?
AWait until the next day to see if a headache develops
BGive the next anticoagulant dose early to prevent clots from forming after the fall
CHelp the patient back to bed and do nothing more if they feel fine
DNotify the provider and start neurological observations, because a brain bleed may develop
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient with sepsis has a lactate of 2.1 mmol/L on admission and 4.3 mmol/L two hours later, despite IV fluids. What does this suggest?
AImproving circulation as the fluids start to work
BA normal response to IV fluids in the first hours
CWorsening tissue perfusion that needs urgent reporting
DExpected muscle activity from shivering in fever
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient using an insulin pump has a glucose of 300 mg/dL (16.7 mmol/L) that has not fallen 2 hours after a correction bolus through the pump. Blood ketones are 1.8 mmol/L. What is the most likely problem and action?
AInsulin delivery failure; inject a correction dose by pen and change the set
BRebound after a hypo; give fast-acting carbohydrate and recheck in 15 minutes
CInsulin overdose from the pump; suspend the pump and stop all insulin for a day
DNormal pump function; wait for the next mealtime bolus to lower the glucose
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: B · It seals the drug in the muscle and stops it leaking into the tissue above
为什么是这个答案
Pulling the skin sideways before injecting and releasing it afterwards makes a zigzag track that closes over the needle path, preventing leakage and skin staining.
答案
B · It seals the drug in the muscle and stops it leaking into the tissue above
2.护理学基础
答案: C · Higher angles make the patient slide down, causing shear over the sacrum
为什么是这个答案
When the head is raised high, the body tends to slide while the skin stays still, distorting the tissues over the sacrum. Keeping the angle low, where safe, reduces this shear.
答案
C · Higher angles make the patient slide down, causing shear over the sacrum
Necrotising fasciitis spreads rapidly along fascia; severe pain, systemic toxicity and fast progression are key warning signs. It is a surgical emergency needing urgent debridement and IV antibiotics.
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 33 个小格,1500 ÷ 33 ≈ 45 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 1.32 s。
3. P 波:倒置,紧邻每个 QRS 之前。
4. PR 间期:0.10 s,短于 0.12 s。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
交界性心律
答案
交界性心律
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 50 个小格,1500 ÷ 50 ≈ 30 次/分。
2. 节律:R–R 规则(2.00 s),P–P 规则(0.84 s),但二者互相独立。
3. P 波:直立且规则,为 71 次/分,但与 QRS 波群无关联;有些藏在 QRS 或 T 波中。
4. PR 间期:逐搏变化;没有固定关系。
5. QRS:0.14 s,增宽(0.12 s 或以上)。
解读
三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
答案
三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
II 型和三度阻滞可能突然进展,所以教科书将它们列为比 I 型更严重。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: D · “Weigh him each morning before breakfast, on the same scale, and tell me the result.”
为什么是这个答案
Daily weights are measured at the same time, on the same scale and in similar clothing so that changes show real fluid gain. A quick rise in weight can be an early sign of worsening heart failure.
答案
D · “Weigh him each morning before breakfast, on the same scale, and tell me the result.”
14.优先排序与委派
答案: D · 格拉斯哥昏迷评分从 15 分降至 12 分
为什么是这个答案
GCS 下降提示颅内压升高,可能致命,需要紧急上报。骨折疼痛也需要处理,但不像这样威胁生命。
答案
D · 格拉斯哥昏迷评分从 15 分降至 12 分
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: A · Open the wrapper away from the field and drop the item on it without reaching over
为什么是这个答案
The nurse opens the package so the sterile item can be dropped onto the field from a short height, without the wrapper or arms crossing over the sterile area. The item must land well inside the non-sterile border.
答案
A · Open the wrapper away from the field and drop the item on it without reaching over
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: D · Notify the provider and start neurological observations, because a brain bleed may develop
为什么是这个答案
Head injury in a patient on anticoagulants can cause bleeding inside the skull that shows signs later. The provider is told at once, imaging may be needed and neurological checks are done closely.
答案
D · Notify the provider and start neurological observations, because a brain bleed may develop
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: C · Worsening tissue perfusion that needs urgent reporting
为什么是这个答案
A rising lactate despite fluids suggests ongoing tissue hypoperfusion and worsening sepsis or septic shock. The nurse reports it at once; further fluids, vasopressors and source control may be needed, and lactate is remeasured.核对依据:Lactate Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024); Septic shock · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案
C · Worsening tissue perfusion that needs urgent reporting
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: A · Insulin delivery failure; inject a correction dose by pen and change the set
为什么是这个答案
A high glucose that does not respond to a pump bolus, with rising ketones, suggests a kinked, blocked or dislodged cannula. Because pumps use only rapid-acting insulin, DKA can develop within hours. The usual advice is to give a correction dose by pen or syringe, change the infusion set, check glucose and ketones often, and seek help if ketones keep rising or vomiting starts.
答案
A · Insulin delivery failure; inject a correction dose by pen and change the set