II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1窦性心律伴窦性停搏
2窦性心动过缓
3窦性心律不齐
4窦性心律伴室性早搏
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这位患者装有起搏器。请解读这条 II 导联心电图条带。点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1窦性心律伴宽 QRS
2双腔(房室)起搏心律
3交界性心律
4室性自搏心律
13.优先排序与委派中等
A nurse gives IV morphine for severe pain. When should the nurse reassess the pain and sedation?
AAt the next routine round in four hours
BWithin about 15–30 minutes
CAt the end of the shift
DOnly when the patient asks for more
14.优先排序与委派困难
Which finding most suggests a tension pneumothorax rather than a simple pneumothorax?
ASharp chest pain that is worse on deep breathing
BMild breathlessness with reduced breath sounds on one side of the chest only
CTrachea shifted away from the affected side, with low blood pressure
DA small air leak seen on a routine chest X-ray
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
A nurse has been fit-tested for an N95 respirator. What should the nurse do each time it is put on?
APerform a user seal check
BArrange a new fit test
CMoisten the edges so it seals better
DWear a surgical mask underneath it
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
一名重度痴呆患者夜间独自下床,已经跌倒两次。哪种方案最恰当?
A夜间把患者绑在椅子上
B拉起四侧床栏,夜间关门保持安静
C每晚给予镇静剂,使患者留在床上
D低位床、床报警器、定时如厕巡视、夜灯和防滑袜
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient with diabetes also takes propranolol. Why is regular glucose monitoring especially important?
AThe drug causes very high glucose in all patients
BThe drug blocks the insulin injection site
CThe drug can mask warning signs of hypoglycemia
DThe drug stops the meter from reading correctly
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient with cirrhosis and ascites has fever and abdominal tenderness. The ascitic fluid neutrophil count is 400 cells/mm³. What does this indicate?
ASpontaneous bacterial peritonitis
BBleeding into the abdominal cavity
CMalignant ascites from cancer
DNormal ascitic fluid in cirrhosis
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: B · Patients who know their breathing is watched tend to change it
为什么是这个答案
Breathing can be changed on purpose, so a patient who is aware of being watched may breathe differently. Counting unobtrusively for a full minute gives a more accurate rate.
答案
B · Patients who know their breathing is watched tend to change it
2.护理学基础
答案: D · Make sure no one is touching the patient
为什么是这个答案
Before the shock the rescuer shouts a warning and checks that everyone is clear. Compressions restart straight after the shock as the AED instructs.
答案
D · Make sure no one is touching the patient
3.临床护理
答案: B · Stop the infusion straight away and follow the extravasation protocol
为什么是这个答案
Suspected extravasation of a vesicant needs the infusion stopped immediately. Local protocols then guide aspiration through the cannula, specific treatments, elevation, documentation and specialist review.
答案
B · Stop the infusion straight away and follow the extravasation protocol
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。 窄 QRS 心动过速与停顿:室上性心动过速(SVT)是规则的心动过速,约 150–250 次/分钟,QRS 波群较窄;P 波通常看不到,因为它们隐藏在 QRS 波群或 T 波中。成人静息时的窦性心动过速通常低于约 150 次/分钟,且每个 QRS 前都有可见的 P 波;伴 2:1 传导的心房扑动常在约 150 次/分钟,并显示锯齿波。窦性停搏是指窦房结暂时停止发放冲动:出现既无 P 波也无 QRS 的停顿,其长度不是 P–P 周期的整数倍(恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞)。
五个步骤
1. 心率:6 秒内有 5 个 QRS 波群,× 10 = 50 次/分。
2. 节律:规则(R–R 0.92 s),只有一次 2.20 s 的停顿,它不是 P–P 周期的整数倍。
3. P 波:直立,每个 QRS 前都有一个;停顿期间完全没有 P 波。
4. PR 间期:0.16 s,恒定,在 0.12–0.20 s 范围内。
5. QRS:0.06 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
窦性心律伴窦性停搏
答案
窦性心律伴窦性停搏
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 双腔(房室)起搏心律
起搏心律:起搏器脉冲表现为一条细而垂直的起搏钉样信号。心室钉样信号之后的 QRS 是增宽的(0.12 s 或以上),因为冲动是从导线经心肌传播,而不是经传导系统;右心室起搏时,在 II 导联上通常以负向为主。P 波之前的钉样信号表示心房起搏;双腔(房室)起搏器则表现为心房钉样信号加 P 波,再经过程控的房室延迟,出现心室钉样信号和增宽的 QRS。夺获是指每个钉样信号之后都跟着一次除极。夺获失败是指钉样信号之后没有 P 波或 QRS;感知不良(钉样信号无视患者自己的心搏)和起搏不良(该出现钉样信号时没有)是另外两种典型的故障。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 25 个小格,1500 ÷ 25 ≈ 60 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 1.00 s。
3. P 波:每个 P 波都跟在自己的起搏钉样信号之后(心房起搏)。
4. 房室间期:第二个钉样信号在第一个之后 0.16 s 出现(程控的房室延迟)。
5. QRS:0.14 s,增宽,紧跟在第二个钉样信号之后(心室起搏)。
解读
双腔(房室)起搏心律
答案
双腔(房室)起搏心律
起搏产生的 QRS 本来就是增宽的;不要称它为束支传导阻滞或室性心律。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: B · Within about 15–30 minutes
为什么是这个答案
IV opioids act within minutes, so the nurse reassesses pain, sedation and breathing within about 15–30 minutes. Oral analgesics are usually reassessed later, after about an hour.
答案
B · Within about 15–30 minutes
14.优先排序与委派
答案: C · Trachea shifted away from the affected side, with low blood pressure
为什么是这个答案
In tension pneumothorax, trapped air pushes the mediastinum to the other side, reducing venous return and blood pressure. It is life-threatening and needs immediate decompression.
答案
C · Trachea shifted away from the affected side, with low blood pressure
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: A · Perform a user seal check
为什么是这个答案
A fit test confirms that a model and size suit the person. A user seal check, breathing in and out to feel for leaks at the edges, is done every time the respirator is put on.
答案: C · The drug can mask warning signs of hypoglycemia
为什么是这个答案
Beta-blockers, especially nonselective ones, blunt adrenergic warning signs of hypoglycemia such as tremor and tachycardia, and they can delay recovery. Sweating usually remains. Glucose checks help detect lows that the patient may not feel.核对依据:Low blood sugar · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答案
C · The drug can mask warning signs of hypoglycemia
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: A · Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
为什么是这个答案
An ascitic neutrophil count of 250 cells/mm³ or more indicates spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, which is treated with antibiotics. It can occur without classic signs, so new confusion or worsening kidney function in cirrhosis should also prompt a diagnostic paracentesis.核对依据:Ascites · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024); Peritonitis · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)