How should a urine sample be taken from a patient with a urinary catheter?
ABy disconnecting the catheter from the bag
BFrom the drainage bag tap
CFrom the sampling port, using aseptic technique
DBy removing the catheter and collecting the next void
3.临床护理中等
骨折腿部打石膏后,哪项评估最能发现骨筋膜室综合征?
A疼痛与损伤程度不相称,尤其是被动牵拉时
B足部温暖红润
C石膏下轻微瘙痒
D足部脉搏有力
4.临床护理困难
Soon after starting chemotherapy for a high-grade lymphoma, a patient has rising potassium, phosphate and uric acid with falling urine output. What is the most likely cause?
A patient with diabetes also takes propranolol. Why is regular glucose monitoring especially important?
AThe drug blocks the insulin injection site
BThe drug stops the meter from reading correctly
CThe drug causes very high glucose in all patients
DThe drug can mask warning signs of hypoglycemia
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient's creatinine was 0.9 mg/dL (80 µmol/L) on admission and is 1.3 mg/dL (115 µmol/L) 36 hours later. Using the common KDIGO criteria, what does this show?
AAcute kidney injury, because it rose by at least 0.3 mg/dL within 48 hours
BA laboratory error, because creatinine cannot change within 2 days
CChronic kidney disease, because creatinine has risen above baseline
DNo kidney injury, because the creatinine is still within the normal range
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: B · 有决策能力的患者在获得充分信息后自愿作出的同意
为什么是这个答案
有效的同意要求患者有决策能力、获得关于风险、获益和替代方案的充分信息,并自由选择。同意可随时撤回。
答案
B · 有决策能力的患者在获得充分信息后自愿作出的同意
2.护理学基础
答案: C · From the sampling port, using aseptic technique
为什么是这个答案
Samples are taken from the needle-free sampling port after cleaning it. Urine in the bag is stale and contaminated, and breaking the system raises infection risk.
答案
C · From the sampling port, using aseptic technique
3.临床护理
答案: A · 疼痛与损伤程度不相称,尤其是被动牵拉时
为什么是这个答案
镇痛无效且被动牵拉时加重的进行性疼痛是最早的征象。苍白、麻木和脉搏消失是晚期征象。
答案
A · 疼痛与损伤程度不相称,尤其是被动牵拉时
4.临床护理
答案: A · Tumour lysis syndrome
为什么是这个答案
Rapid tumour cell death releases potassium, phosphate and nucleic acids (forming uric acid), which can cause AKI and arrhythmias. Prevention includes IV hydration and drugs to lower uric acid.
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 8 × 0.04 = 0.32 s
RR = 15 × 0.04 = 0.60 s
Bazett 公式
QTc = 0.32/√0.60 = 0.32/0.7746 = 0.413 s
答案
QTc = 0.413 s
在通常上限之内(男性约 0.45 s,女性约 0.46 s)。(413 ms)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: PR 间期
每条心电图的五个步骤:1. 心率(300 法或 1500 法;若不规则则用 6 秒法);2. 节律:R–R 间期是否相等;3. P 波:是否存在、在 II 导联直立、每个 QRS 之前各有一个且形态一致;4. PR 间期:0.12–0.20 s 且恒定;5. QRS 时限:低于 0.12 s。五个步骤做完之后才命名节律。正常窦性心律五项全部符合:60–100 次/分,规则,每个 QRS 之前有直立 P 波,PR 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 低于 0.12 s。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 23 个小格,1500 ÷ 23 ≈ 65 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.92 s。
3. P 波:直立,每个 QRS 之前各有一个,形态一致。
4. PR 间期:0.34 s,恒定,长于 0.20 s。
5. QRS:0.10 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
第一个异常的步骤
PR 间期 → 一度房室传导阻滞
答案
PR 间期
13.优先排序与委派
答案: C · Day 1 after bowel surgery, new chest pain and heart rate 110/min
为什么是这个答案
New chest pain and tachycardia after surgery could be a myocardial infarction or pulmonary embolism. This patient needs immediate assessment; the others have routine needs.
答案
C · Day 1 after bowel surgery, new chest pain and heart rate 110/min
14.优先排序与委派
答案: B · Heart rate 38/min and potassium 2.8 mEq/L
为什么是这个答案
Severe bradycardia and low potassium can cause fatal arrhythmias. The body-image beliefs and eating behaviors matter, but physiological safety comes first.
答案
B · Heart rate 38/min and potassium 2.8 mEq/L
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: D · A bacterial rather than a viral infection
为什么是这个答案
Procalcitonin rises mainly in bacterial infections and much less in viral ones. It is used with clinical judgement to help decide when antibiotics are needed or can be stopped.
答案
D · A bacterial rather than a viral infection
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · 误用浓度更高的药瓶会造成十倍过量
为什么是这个答案
肝素规格混淆曾导致死亡。护士每次都应核对标签上的浓度并进行独立双人核对,许多医院也限制备用的规格。
答案
C · 误用浓度更高的药瓶会造成十倍过量
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: D · The drug can mask warning signs of hypoglycemia
为什么是这个答案
Beta-blockers, especially nonselective ones, blunt adrenergic warning signs of hypoglycemia such as tremor and tachycardia, and they can delay recovery. Sweating usually remains. Glucose checks help detect lows that the patient may not feel.核对依据:Low blood sugar · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答案
D · The drug can mask warning signs of hypoglycemia
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: A · Acute kidney injury, because it rose by at least 0.3 mg/dL within 48 hours
为什么是这个答案
KDIGO defines AKI as a creatinine rise of at least 0.3 mg/dL (26.5 µmol/L) within 48 hours, a rise to 1.5 times baseline within 7 days, or urine output below 0.5 mL/kg/h for 6 hours. A result inside the reference range can still be a significant rise.
答案
A · Acute kidney injury, because it rose by at least 0.3 mg/dL within 48 hours