On a cardiac step-down unit, which patient should the nurse assess first?
ADay 2 after a pacemaker insertion, asking when the wound dressing will be changed
BAtrial fibrillation on warfarin with an INR of 2.6 this morning
CHeart failure, weight up 0.5 kg since yesterday, no breathlessness at rest
DSix hours after a coronary stent, new chest pain with ST elevation on the monitor
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
Which technique is used for suctioning a tracheostomy in hospital?
ANo gloves at all, because the airway already contains bacteria
BSterile technique, with a sterile catheter and sterile glove
CClean technique, reusing the catheter during the shift
DClean technique, with the catheter rinsed in tap water
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
当明确需要留置导尿管时,哪种方法最能预防导管相关尿路感染?
A无菌插管、封闭系统和每日评估是否需要
B定期断开集尿袋以便更方便地排空
C每天更换导尿管以保持清洁、无结痂
D把集尿袋放在床上,与膀胱同高
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
How does normal pregnancy usually affect serum creatinine?
AIt rises with every week
BIt falls, because GFR rises
CIt rises, because GFR falls
DIt stays exactly the same
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
一名患者 24 小时前大量过量服用对乙酰氨基酚(扑热息痛)。最预期出现哪些实验室改变?
AALT 和 AST 非常高,INR 上升
B白细胞计数低而肝功能检查正常
C肌钙蛋白高而 ALT 正常
DALT 和 AST 低,INR 低
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: D · Lying on the left side
为什么是这个答案
Gravity sends more blood to the lower lung. Placing the healthy lung down matches more blood flow to the lung that is ventilating well, improving oxygenation.
答案
D · Lying on the left side
2.护理学基础
答案: C · A night-time sedative such as a benzodiazepine
为什么是这个答案
Sedatives cause drowsiness, slowed reactions and unsteadiness, especially at night and in older adults. Diuretics and drugs that lower blood pressure also raise falls risk.
答案
C · A night-time sedative such as a benzodiazepine
3.临床护理
答案: B · It increases the risk of wound infection, bleeding and cardiac complications
为什么是这个答案
Inadvertent perioperative hypothermia impairs clotting and immune function and increases cardiac events and wound infection. Patients are warmed actively and their temperature monitored.
答案
B · It increases the risk of wound infection, bleeding and cardiac complications
4.临床护理
答案: C · "I only need to weigh myself once a month."
为什么是这个答案
Daily weights at the same time with the same scales detect fluid retention early. A rapid gain, worsening breathlessness or needing more pillows should be reported.
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 24 个小格,1500 ÷ 24 ≈ 63 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.96 s。
3. P 波:直立,每个 QRS 之前各有一个,形态一致。
4. PR 间期:0.30 s,恒定,长于 0.20 s。
5. QRS:0.10 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
一度房室传导阻滞
答案
一度房室传导阻滞
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 室性心动过速
室性节律:室性心动过速是连续三个或以上宽大(0.12 s 或以上)的波群,频率超过 100 次/分,通常为 150–250 次/分,节律规则,没有相关的 P 波。心室颤动是紊乱、不规则的波形,无法辨认 P 波、QRS 波群或 T 波,也没有可计数的频率。心脏停搏是几乎平直的线,没有心室活动;平直线一定要通过检查患者、导联和增益并换一个导联来确认。在复苏指南中,室颤和无脉性室速是可电击心律,心脏停搏则不是。
答案: D · Six hours after a coronary stent, new chest pain with ST elevation on the monitor
为什么是这个答案
New chest pain with ST elevation after a stent suggests the stent may have blocked, causing an acute myocardial infarction. This is an emergency; the other findings are within target or routine.
答案
D · Six hours after a coronary stent, new chest pain with ST elevation on the monitor
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: B · Sterile technique, with a sterile catheter and sterile glove
为什么是这个答案
In hospital, tracheal suctioning uses sterile technique to avoid introducing organisms into the lower airway. Clean technique may be taught for long-term home care, according to policy.
答案
B · Sterile technique, with a sterile catheter and sterile glove
In pregnancy, kidney blood flow and GFR rise by about 50%, so creatinine falls below non-pregnant values. A creatinine that looks "normal" for a non-pregnant adult may indicate reduced kidney function in pregnancy.