II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1一度房室传导阻滞
2正常窦性心律
3窦性心动过速
4交界性心律
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这位患者装有起搏器。请解读这条 II 导联心电图条带。点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1双腔(房室)起搏心律
2三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
3室性自搏心律
4心室起搏心律
13.优先排序与委派中等
值班护士长需要腾出一张床位。哪位患者最适合出院或转到较低级别的护理?
A肠道手术后第 1 天,新出现体温 38.5 °C
B两小时前因胸痛入院;肌钙蛋白结果尚未回报
C无并发症阑尾切除术后第 3 天,能进食,使用口服镇痛药
D肺炎,氧需求在一夜之间从 2 L/min 升至 4 L/min
14.优先排序与委派困难
The charge nurse overhears four instructions from an RN to a nursing assistant. Which one needs to be corrected?
A“Check his glucose before lunch and tell me the number straight away.”
B“Check his glucose and give the insulin according to the sliding scale.”
C“Help him wash and change, and tell me at once if you see any red or broken skin.”
D“Walk him to the bathroom and back, and stay with him the whole time.”
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
Which PPE does a nurse wear when giving an IV chemotherapy drug?
AA surgical mask and no gloves
BA reusable cloth gown and one pair of gloves
COne pair of standard latex gloves, changed after the infusion is started
DTwo pairs of chemotherapy-tested gloves and a disposable impermeable gown
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A patient with depression has suddenly become calm and is giving away personal possessions. What does this suggest?
AA possibly increased suicide risk that needs immediate assessment
BThat the patient is now ready for discharge today
CThat the depression has resolved and observation can be reduced
DThat the patient wants to make new friends on the unit
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
An older adult with chronic kidney disease starts trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for a urinary tract infection. Which electrolyte should be monitored closely?
APotassium, because trimethoprim can raise it
BSodium, because the drug causes heavy sodium retention
CChloride, because the drug causes chloride loss
DCalcium, because the drug binds calcium in the gut
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient has sudden episodes of severe headache, sweating, palpitations and very high blood pressure. Which test is most useful to look for the cause?
ASerum calcium only
BPlasma free metanephrines
CSerum TSH and free T4
DFasting lipid profile
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: B · That they know how and when to take them and what to report
为什么是这个答案
Safe discharge needs the patient or carer to understand dose, timing, purpose and important side effects. Teach-back and written information help confirm this.
答案
B · That they know how and when to take them and what to report
2.护理学基础
答案: C · Strict hand hygiene by everyone who enters the room
为什么是这个答案
A neutropenic patient cannot fight infection well, and hand hygiene is the key protective measure. Other steps include a single room and keeping away visitors who are unwell.
答案
C · Strict hand hygiene by everyone who enters the room
3.临床护理
答案: A · Heavy proteinuria, low serum albumin and oedema
为什么是这个答案
In nephrotic syndrome, damaged glomeruli leak protein, so albumin falls and fluid moves into tissues, causing oedema. Cholesterol is often raised too.
答案
A · Heavy proteinuria, low serum albumin and oedema
4.临床护理
答案: B · 高尖的 T 波
为什么是这个答案
高钾血症引起 T 波高尖,随后 QRS 增宽,可能出现正弦波样图形并心搏骤停。低钾血症引起 T 波低平和 U 波。
理想体重(Devine):男性 IBW = 50 kg + 身高超过 5 英尺(60 in)的每英寸加 2.3 kg,女性 IBW = 45.5 kg + 超过 60 in 的每英寸加 2.3 kg;1 in = 2.54 cm。该公式适用于身高至少 152.4 cm(5 ft)的成人。 危重症肥胖患者(ASPEN/SCCM 2016):BMI = 体重/身高²(kg/m²)。BMI 30–40 时蛋白质目标为每天每 kg 理想体重 2 g,BMI 40 及以上时最高为每天每 kg 理想体重 2.5 g。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
体质指数
BMI = 118/1.82² = 35.62 kg/m²
理想体重(Devine)
182 cm/2.54 = 71.65 in
IBW = 50 + 2.3·(71.65 − 60) = 76.8 kg
蛋白质目标
BMI 30 至不足 40:每 kg 理想体重 2 g。
P = 2·76.8 = 153.6 ≈ 154 g/天
答案
P = 154 g/天
11.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 一度房室传导阻滞
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 26 个小格,1500 ÷ 26 ≈ 58 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 1.04 s。
3. P 波:直立,每个 QRS 之前各有一个,形态一致。
4. PR 间期:0.26 s,恒定,长于 0.20 s。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
一度房室传导阻滞
答案
一度房室传导阻滞
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 心室起搏心律
起搏心律:起搏器脉冲表现为一条细而垂直的起搏钉样信号。心室钉样信号之后的 QRS 是增宽的(0.12 s 或以上),因为冲动是从导线经心肌传播,而不是经传导系统;右心室起搏时,在 II 导联上通常以负向为主。P 波之前的钉样信号表示心房起搏;双腔(房室)起搏器则表现为心房钉样信号加 P 波,再经过程控的房室延迟,出现心室钉样信号和增宽的 QRS。夺获是指每个钉样信号之后都跟着一次除极。夺获失败是指钉样信号之后没有 P 波或 QRS;感知不良(钉样信号无视患者自己的心搏)和起搏不良(该出现钉样信号时没有)是另外两种典型的故障。
答案: B · “Check his glucose and give the insulin according to the sliding scale.”
为什么是这个答案
Giving insulin is medication administration and needs a licensed nurse. Measuring glucose, hygiene and supervised walking are suitable tasks with clear reporting instructions.
答案
B · “Check his glucose and give the insulin according to the sliding scale.”
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: D · Two pairs of chemotherapy-tested gloves and a disposable impermeable gown
为什么是这个答案
Hazardous drugs can be absorbed through the skin or inhaled. Staff wear double chemotherapy-tested gloves and a disposable, low-permeability gown, with eye and face protection if splashing is possible.
答案
D · Two pairs of chemotherapy-tested gloves and a disposable impermeable gown
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: A · A possibly increased suicide risk that needs immediate assessment
为什么是这个答案
A sudden improvement in mood with giving away belongings can mean the person has made a plan. The nurse assesses suicide risk directly, increases observation and informs the team.
答案
A · A possibly increased suicide risk that needs immediate assessment
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: A · Potassium, because trimethoprim can raise it
These episodes suggest pheochromocytoma, a tumor of the adrenal medulla that releases catecholamines. Plasma free metanephrines (or 24-hour urine metanephrines) are the main screening tests. Hyperthyroidism can cause similar symptoms but usually without these bursts of severe hypertension.核对依据:Pheochromocytoma · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)