II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1正常窦性心律
2窦性心动过速
3心房扑动,3:1 传导
4心房扑动,4:1 传导
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
识别这条 II 导联心电图上的节律。点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
2窦性心动过缓
3室性自搏心律
4室性心动过速
13.优先排序与委派中等
Which medication order should the nurse question?
APotassium chloride diluted in an IV bag via a pump
BPotassium chloride by IV push
COral potassium chloride with food
DPotassium chloride oral solution diluted in juice
14.优先排序与委派困难
At 08:00 a nurse has four tasks. Which order is best?
AGive insulin with breakfast, update care plans, check the patient with a falling SpO₂, give routine medications
BGive routine medications, check the patient with a falling SpO₂, update care plans, give insulin with breakfast
CUpdate care plans, give insulin with breakfast, give routine medications, check the patient with a falling SpO₂
DCheck the patient with a falling SpO₂, give insulin with breakfast, give routine medications, update care plans
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
哪位护士不应被分配护理带有密封放射性植入物的患者?
A怀孕的护士
B佩戴剂量计徽章的护士
C在本病区工作了两年的护士
D接受过辐射安全培训的护士
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A nurse has a needlestick from a patient whose HIV and hepatitis status is unknown. What should happen?
ANothing, because the source patient is probably not infected
BThe nurse is assumed to be infected and stops all work
CThe nurse waits six months before having any blood tests at all
DThe source patient is tested per policy, and the nurse has baseline tests
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
一名因房颤服用华法林的患者 INR 为 5.2,无出血。护士最好的措施是什么?
A给予通常的剂量,一个月后复查
B给予双倍剂量
C暂停华法林剂量并通知开医嘱者
D建议患者从今天起不再吃绿叶蔬菜
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
一名心力衰竭患者服用赖诺普利、螺内酯和钾补充剂。今天钾为 6.0 mEq/L。最可能的解释是什么?
A同时服用了几种使钾升高的药物
B赖诺普利降低钾
C螺内酯导致钾丢失
D钾补充剂对血清水平没有影响
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: D · The unaffected leg
为什么是这个答案
Going up, the strong leg steps first and lifts the body, followed by the crutches and the injured leg. Going down, the crutches and injured leg go first.
答案
D · The unaffected leg
2.护理学基础
答案: D · Urine output rises and the heart rate falls towards normal
为什么是这个答案
With effective fluid replacement, perfusion improves: urine output increases, the heart rate settles and the blood pressure stabilises. Watching for fluid overload is also important.
答案
D · Urine output rises and the heart rate falls towards normal
3.临床护理
答案: A · The infusion site, the rate and volume remaining, and the patient's symptoms
为什么是这个答案
Nurses check that the infusion is running as planned, the site has no redness or swelling, and the symptoms are controlled. Problems are acted on quickly to avoid distress.
答案
A · The infusion site, the rate and volume remaining, and the patient's symptoms
4.临床护理
答案: D · Capillary blood glucose
为什么是这个答案
Hypoglycaemia can cause focal neurological signs that mimic stroke. A bedside glucose check is quick and should be done in any patient with sudden neurological symptoms.
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 20 个小格,1500 ÷ 20 ≈ 75 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.80 s。
3. P 波:无;每 0.20 s 出现规则的锯齿状扑动波(300 次/分),每个 QRS 对应 4 个。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:0.06 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
心房扑动,4:1 传导
答案
心房扑动,4:1 传导
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 室性自搏心律
更多室性心律:尖端扭转型室性心动过速是一种多形性室性心动过速,通常为 150–250 次/分钟,其增宽的波群高度不断变化并围绕基线扭转,先向上几个心搏,再向下。教科书将其与 QT 间期延长联系起来,复苏指南中针对它推荐的药物是硫酸镁。室性自搏心律是一种心室逸搏心律:规则、QRS 增宽(0.12 s 或以上)、无 P 波,频率 20–40 次/分钟(加速性室性自搏心律为 40–100 次/分钟)。单形性室速的增宽波群完全相同,频率超过 100 次/分钟。室颤则是混乱的,没有任何重复的波群。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 38 个小格,1500 ÷ 38 ≈ 39 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 1.52 s。
3. P 波:无法辨认。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:0.18 s,增宽(0.12 s 或以上)且形态怪异,T 波方向相反。
解读
室性自搏心律
答案
室性自搏心律
室性自搏心律是一种逸搏心律:由于上方的起搏点失灵,心室接管了节律。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: B · Potassium chloride by IV push
为什么是这个答案
Potassium chloride must never be given by IV push, because a rapid dose can cause cardiac arrest. It is diluted and given slowly through an infusion pump.
答案
B · Potassium chloride by IV push
14.优先排序与委派
答案: D · Check the patient with a falling SpO₂, give insulin with breakfast, give routine medications, update care plans
为什么是这个答案
A falling SpO₂ is a possible breathing problem and comes first. Insulin must be matched to the meal, routine medications have a time window, and documentation such as care plans comes last.
答案
D · Check the patient with a falling SpO₂, give insulin with breakfast, give routine medications, update care plans
答案: D · The source patient is tested per policy, and the nurse has baseline tests
为什么是这个答案
After first aid and reporting, the source patient is tested according to law and policy, and the nurse has baseline testing. A rapid risk assessment decides whether HIV prophylaxis is started while results are awaited.
答案
D · The source patient is tested per policy, and the nurse has baseline tests