练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名成人体重 49 kg,身高 150 cm。计算 BMI 并点击 WHO 体重分类。
49 kg150 cm
1体重过轻
2健康体重
3超重
4肥胖 I 级
5肥胖 II 级
6肥胖 III 级
9.肠内与肠外营养计算中等
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Devine 公式求一位身高 183 cm 的男性的理想体重IBW(1 in = 2.54 cm)。 保留一位小数。
183 cm男性1 in = 2.54 cm
IBW = kg
10.肠内与肠外营养计算困难
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 在 24 小时内,一位患者接受 1000 mL 肠外营养,终浓度为 15% 葡萄糖和 5% 氨基酸,另加 500 mL 10% 脂肪乳(1.1 kcal/mL)。 求患者获得的总热量E(kcal/天)。 取整到最接近的整数。
1000 mL葡萄糖 15%氨基酸 5%脂肪 500 mL · 1.1 kcal/mL
E = kcal/天
11.心电图节律条带解读中等
这条 II 导联心电图条带显示窦性心律伴一次停顿。测量 停顿,即跨越停顿的 R–R 间期,单位为秒。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
停顿 = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这条 II 导联心电图显示房室传导阻滞,所以心房和心室以不同的频率搏动。测量 P–P 间期,求出心房率(单位:次/分,1500 法,取整数)。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
心房率 = bpm
13.优先排序与委派中等
A patient with diabetes is unresponsive and has a blood glucose of 40 mg/dL (2.2 mmol/L). What should the nurse do first?
AGive the scheduled dose of insulin
BWait 15 minutes and recheck the glucose
CPour orange juice into the patient’s mouth
DGive IV dextrose or glucagon as prescribed
14.优先排序与委派困难
On an addiction unit, which patient should the nurse assess first?
ADrowsy with pinpoint pupils and a respiratory rate of 7/min
BAsking for an extra blanket and a hot drink
CYawning, with a runny nose and dilated pupils
DAnxious, with goose bumps, stomach cramps and loose stools
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
After teaching a patient about a new medication, how does the nurse best check understanding?
AAsk the family whether they understood the teaching
BAsk the patient to explain in their own words how and when to take it
CAsk “Do you understand?” and accept a yes
DGive a printed leaflet about the drug and assume the patient will read it at home
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A nurse floated to an unfamiliar unit is asked to manage a device they have never been trained to use. What should the nurse do?
ATell the charge nurse and ask for help or a change of assignment
BAsk the patient or the family to explain how the device works
CDo it anyway, using only the device manual and the instructions on the screen
DLeave the device untouched and not tell anyone
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
一名意识清醒的患者血糖为 54 mg/dL(3.0 mmol/L),已摄入 15 g 速效碳水化合物。应在何时复测血糖?
A约 2 小时后
B第二天早晨
C下一餐时
D约 15 分钟后
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient receiving parenteral nutrition with lipid emulsion has a triglyceride level of 620 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L). Why is this result important?
AIt is a normal fasting value for adults
BIt raises the risk of acute pancreatitis
CIt means the patient needs more lipid
DIt shows the nutrition is fully effective
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: A · The patient may still be identifiable, which breaches confidentiality
为什么是这个答案
Details such as the ward, the condition or the date can reveal who a patient is. Professional codes forbid sharing patient information on social media, even without names.
答案
A · The patient may still be identifiable, which breaches confidentiality
Broad-spectrum antibiotics disrupt normal gut flora, letting C. difficile overgrow. Older age, hospital stay and proton pump inhibitors also increase the risk.
答案
A · Recent broad-spectrum antibiotic use
4.临床护理
答案: C · Spasm of the hand when a blood pressure cuff is inflated on the arm
为什么是这个答案
Trousseau's sign, carpal spasm during cuff inflation, and Chvostek's sign, facial twitching on tapping the facial nerve, indicate neuromuscular irritability from low calcium.
答案
C · Spasm of the hand when a blood pressure cuff is inflated on the arm
窄 QRS 心动过速与停顿:室上性心动过速(SVT)是规则的心动过速,约 150–250 次/分钟,QRS 波群较窄;P 波通常看不到,因为它们隐藏在 QRS 波群或 T 波中。成人静息时的窦性心动过速通常低于约 150 次/分钟,且每个 QRS 前都有可见的 P 波;伴 2:1 传导的心房扑动常在约 150 次/分钟,并显示锯齿波。窦性停搏是指窦房结暂时停止发放冲动:出现既无 P 波也无 QRS 的停顿,其长度不是 P–P 周期的整数倍(恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞)。
测量
跨越停顿,从 R 波到 R 波共 45 个小格
转换
停顿 = 45 × 0.04 s = 1.8 s
与 P–P 比较
1.80 ÷ 0.80 ≈ 2.3 个 P–P 周期,不是整数
答案
停顿 = 1.8 s
停顿中没有出现 P 波,且停顿不是 P–P 周期的整数倍:窦性停搏。恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞。
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 心房率 = 71 bpm
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
答案: D · Give IV dextrose or glucagon as prescribed
为什么是这个答案
An unconscious patient must not be given anything by mouth because of aspiration risk. IV dextrose or glucagon raises the glucose quickly.
答案
D · Give IV dextrose or glucagon as prescribed
14.优先排序与委派
答案: A · Drowsy with pinpoint pupils and a respiratory rate of 7/min
为什么是这个答案
Pinpoint pupils, drowsiness and slow breathing suggest opioid overdose, which can be fatal. Yawning, a runny nose, dilated pupils and cramps are signs of opioid withdrawal, which is distressing but rarely life-threatening.
答案
A · Drowsy with pinpoint pupils and a respiratory rate of 7/min
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: B · Ask the patient to explain in their own words how and when to take it
为什么是这个答案
With teach-back, the patient explains the information in their own words, which shows whether the teaching worked. A yes to “Do you understand?” does not confirm understanding.
答案
B · Ask the patient to explain in their own words how and when to take it
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: A · Tell the charge nurse and ask for help or a change of assignment
为什么是这个答案
Accepting a task beyond one’s competence puts the patient at risk. The nurse explains the limit to the charge nurse, who can arrange help, training or reassignment.
答案
A · Tell the charge nurse and ask for help or a change of assignment
Triglycerides are monitored in patients receiving lipid emulsions, because high levels can cause pancreatitis and show that lipid is not being cleared. The result is reported, and the lipid dose may be reduced or held.核对依据:Triglycerides Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)