练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位女性身高 171 cm,体重 85 kg。用 Devine 公式(1 in = 2.54 cm)求实际体重占理想体重的百分比%IBW。 取整到最接近的整数。
171 cm85 kg女性
%IBW = %
10.肠内与肠外营养计算困难
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 在 24 小时内,一位患者接受 2000 mL 肠外营养,终浓度为 15% 葡萄糖和 5% 氨基酸,另加 500 mL 10% 脂肪乳(1.1 kcal/mL)。 求患者获得的总热量E(kcal/天)。 取整到最接近的整数。
2000 mL葡萄糖 15%氨基酸 5%脂肪 500 mL · 1.1 kcal/mL
E = kcal/天
11.心电图节律条带解读中等
测量这条 II 导联心电图上的QT 间期,以秒为单位。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QT = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
识别这条 II 导联心电图上的节律。点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1尖端扭转型室性心动过速
2室性自搏心律
3心室颤动
4心房扑动,2:1 传导
13.优先排序与委派中等
A pregnant nurse is on the unit. Which patient should the charge nurse avoid assigning to her?
AA patient with a fractured wrist
BA patient with a sealed radioactive implant for cervical cancer
CA patient with type 2 diabetes who needs insulin teaching before discharge
DA patient after a hip replacement
14.优先排序与委派困难
A patient was knocked out briefly in a fall, then woke and talked normally. Two hours later the patient becomes drowsy and one pupil is larger. What is the most likely cause?
ANormal tiredness after a fall
BAn epidural hematoma
CA mild concussion that is settling
DLow blood sugar from missing a meal
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
Which patient has the highest risk of a burn from a heating pad?
AA patient with a sprained wrist who is fully alert
BA healthy young adult with a strained muscle
CA patient recovering from a cold
DA patient with diabetic peripheral neuropathy
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
During flu season, a nurse wakes up with fever, cough and muscle aches. What is the best action?
AGo to work but avoid caring for patients who have weak immune systems
BGo to work but wear a surgical mask for the whole shift
CTake an antipyretic so the fever does not show at work
DStay home and inform the employer according to the illness policy
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
In the third trimester of pregnancy, a woman's alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is about twice the usual adult range, and the other liver tests are normal. What is the best interpretation?
AA sign of acute viral hepatitis
BA normal rise from placental ALP
CA sign of new bone cancer
DA sign of blocked bile ducts
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient has a sodium of 150 mEq/L, a glucose of 180 mg/dL and a BUN of 28 mg/dL. Using the formula 2 × Na + glucose/18 + BUN/2.8, what is the calculated serum osmolality?
Adequate fluids, a fibre-rich diet, mobility and privacy for toileting help prevent constipation. Laxatives are added if needed, especially with opioids.
答案
C · Encouraging fluids, fibre and mobility
4.临床护理
答案: B · To shift potassium into cells; blood glucose must be monitored for hypoglycaemia
为什么是这个答案
Insulin drives potassium into cells, temporarily lowering serum levels. Glucose is given to prevent hypoglycaemia, but glucose monitoring is still needed for several hours.
答案
B · To shift potassium into cells; blood glucose must be monitored for hypoglycaemia
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
从 QRS 起点到 T 波终点共 11.5 个小格
转换
QT = 11.5 × 0.04 s = 0.46 s
答案
QT = 0.46 s
粗略的规则:在正常心率下,QT 应小于 R–R 间期的一半(此处 R–R = 0.80 s)。
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 尖端扭转型室性心动过速
更多室性心律:尖端扭转型室性心动过速是一种多形性室性心动过速,通常为 150–250 次/分钟,其增宽的波群高度不断变化并围绕基线扭转,先向上几个心搏,再向下。教科书将其与 QT 间期延长联系起来,复苏指南中针对它推荐的药物是硫酸镁。室性自搏心律是一种心室逸搏心律:规则、QRS 增宽(0.12 s 或以上)、无 P 波,频率 20–40 次/分钟(加速性室性自搏心律为 40–100 次/分钟)。单形性室速的增宽波群完全相同,频率超过 100 次/分钟。室颤则是混乱的,没有任何重复的波群。
五个步骤
1. 心率:非常快,各波群相隔约 7 个小格(约 214 次/分钟)。
2. 节律:快且大致规则,但波群的高度和方向呈重复的纺锤形变化。
3. P 波:无法辨认。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:增宽且多形性;波群围绕基线扭转,先向上几个心搏,再向下。
解读
尖端扭转型室性心动过速
答案
尖端扭转型室性心动过速
尖端扭转型室性心动过速是与 QT 间期延长相关的多形性 VT。这里只是识别练习。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: B · A patient with a sealed radioactive implant for cervical cancer
为什么是这个答案
A sealed radioactive implant (brachytherapy) emits radiation, and pregnant staff should not care for these patients. The other patients pose no special risk to a pregnancy.
答案
B · A patient with a sealed radioactive implant for cervical cancer
14.优先排序与委派
答案: B · An epidural hematoma
为什么是这个答案
An epidural hematoma often causes a brief loss of consciousness, a lucid interval, then rapid deterioration as arterial bleeding compresses the brain. It is a neurosurgical emergency.
答案
B · An epidural hematoma
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: D · A patient with diabetic peripheral neuropathy
为什么是这个答案
Reduced sensation, as in peripheral neuropathy, prevents a person from feeling heat damage. Patients with poor sensation, poor circulation or confusion need very close monitoring if heat is used at all.
答案
D · A patient with diabetic peripheral neuropathy
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: D · Stay home and inform the employer according to the illness policy
为什么是这个答案
Health care workers with signs of influenza should not work, because they can infect patients and colleagues. They follow the employer’s policy on when they may return.
答案
D · Stay home and inform the employer according to the illness policy
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: B · A normal rise from placental ALP
为什么是这个答案
The placenta produces ALP, so serum ALP normally rises in late pregnancy. With normal bilirubin, ALT and AST, this is expected. Symptoms such as severe itching or raised bile acids would need further review.核对依据:Alkaline Phosphatase · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案
B · A normal rise from placental ALP
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: A · About 320 mOsm/kg, which is high
为什么是这个答案
Osmolality = 300 + 10 + 10 = 320 mOsm/kg, above the typical range of about 275–295 mOsm/kg. The high sodium is the main cause, which points to water loss or too little water intake.核对依据:Osmolality blood test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)