练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位体重 80 kg 的患者每天每 kg 需要 1.3 g 蛋白质。管饲配方每升含 44 g 蛋白质,以 60 mL/h 每天运行 18 小时。 每天还需要多少克额外蛋白质ΔP? 保留一位小数。
80 kg1.3 g/kg/天44 g/L60 mL/h · 18 h
ΔP = g/天
10.肠内与肠外营养计算困难
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 在 24 小时内,一位患者接受 1000 mL 肠外营养,终浓度为 20% 葡萄糖和 5% 氨基酸,另加 250 mL 10% 脂肪乳(1.1 kcal/mL)。 求患者获得的总热量E(kcal/天)。 取整到最接近的整数。
1000 mL葡萄糖 20%氨基酸 5%脂肪 250 mL · 1.1 kcal/mL
E = kcal/天
11.心电图节律条带解读中等
解读这条 II 导联心律条带。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1一度房室传导阻滞
2窦性心动过缓
3心房颤动
4交界性心律
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这位患者装有起搏器。请解读这条 II 导联心电图条带。点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
2双腔(房室)起搏心律
3起搏心律,夺获失败
4室性自搏心律
13.优先排序与委派中等
Which patient on an addiction unit should the nurse see first?
AIn recovery for a year; came to the clinic today for a routine check and a repeat prescription
BLast drink two days ago; now shaking, sweating, heart rate 124/min and seeing insects
CLast drink one week ago; asking about support groups
DLast drink this morning; asking when lunch will arrive
14.优先排序与委派困难
经尿道前列腺切除术后持续膀胱冲洗,患者的哪项发现是非预期的,需要采取行动?
A尽管有导尿管,仍有想排尿的感觉
B轻度膀胱痉挛,使用处方的解痉药后缓解
C鲜红色尿液伴血块,导尿管流出量减少
D淡粉色尿液,在一天中逐渐变清
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
哪种敷料废弃物应丢入医疗(生物危害)废物?
A擦手用的干净纸巾
B无菌敷料包的外层纸包装
C被感染伤口渗液浸湿的敷料
D已过期但未开封的敷料
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A patient’s WBC is 4,000/mm3, with 30% neutrophils and 5% bands. What is the absolute neutrophil count (ANC)?
A1,400/mm3
B1,200/mm3
C140/mm3
D3,500/mm3
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient with a potassium of 2.8 mEq/L has potassium chloride prescribed IV. Which statement about giving it is correct?
AIt may be given as a slow IV push over one minute if the level is very low
BIt is added to the IV bag without mixing, so it stays at the bottom
CIt is given as an undiluted bolus into a large vein to avoid irritation
DIt is always diluted and given by infusion pump, never as an IV push
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
Ten minutes into a red cell transfusion, a patient develops fever, chills, low back pain and dark urine. After stopping the transfusion, what should the nurse do next?
ARestart the transfusion more slowly after giving an antipyretic drug
BDiscard the blood bag and tubing in the clinical waste to stop exposure
CFlush the remaining blood through the line with the IV fluid to finish it
DKeep the IV open with normal saline using new tubing and call the provider
答案: B · Spare tracheostomy tubes, including one a size smaller, and working suction
为什么是这个答案
Emergency equipment such as spare tubes (same size and one smaller), suction, oxygen and tracheal dilators must be at the bedside. This allows rapid management of a blocked or displaced tube.
答案
B · Spare tracheostomy tubes, including one a size smaller, and working suction
4.临床护理
答案: D · Without any insulin they can develop diabetic ketoacidosis
为什么是这个答案
People with type 1 diabetes make no insulin, so stopping it causes ketosis and DKA. Basal insulin is usually continued, often with a variable-rate insulin infusion and glucose monitoring.
答案
D · Without any insulin they can develop diabetic ketoacidosis
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 35 个小格,1500 ÷ 35 ≈ 43 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 1.40 s。
3. P 波:倒置,紧邻每个 QRS 之后。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:0.06 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
交界性心律
答案
交界性心律
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 起搏心律,夺获失败
起搏心律:起搏器脉冲表现为一条细而垂直的起搏钉样信号。心室钉样信号之后的 QRS 是增宽的(0.12 s 或以上),因为冲动是从导线经心肌传播,而不是经传导系统;右心室起搏时,在 II 导联上通常以负向为主。P 波之前的钉样信号表示心房起搏;双腔(房室)起搏器则表现为心房钉样信号加 P 波,再经过程控的房室延迟,出现心室钉样信号和增宽的 QRS。夺获是指每个钉样信号之后都跟着一次除极。夺获失败是指钉样信号之后没有 P 波或 QRS;感知不良(钉样信号无视患者自己的心搏)和起搏不良(该出现钉样信号时没有)是另外两种典型的故障。
答案: B · Last drink two days ago; now shaking, sweating, heart rate 124/min and seeing insects
为什么是这个答案
Hallucinations, tremor, sweating and tachycardia two to three days after the last drink suggest severe withdrawal and possible delirium tremens, which can be fatal. This patient needs prompt assessment and treatment.
答案
B · Last drink two days ago; now shaking, sweating, heart rate 124/min and seeing insects
ANC = 4,000 × (0.30 + 0.05) = 1,400/mm3. This is below normal (neutropenia), so the patient has a raised risk of infection.
答案
A · 1,400/mm3
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: D · It is always diluted and given by infusion pump, never as an IV push
为什么是这个答案
Concentrated potassium chloride given as an IV push can cause fatal cardiac arrest, so it is never pushed. It is diluted, mixed well and given by infusion pump at a rate set by protocol, often with cardiac monitoring at higher rates.
答案
D · It is always diluted and given by infusion pump, never as an IV push
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: D · Keep the IV open with normal saline using new tubing and call the provider
为什么是这个答案
These signs suggest an acute hemolytic reaction. The transfusion is stopped, the line is kept open with normal saline through new tubing, the provider and blood bank are informed, and the bag, tubing and blood and urine samples are sent for testing as per policy.核对依据:Hemolytic transfusion reaction · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案
D · Keep the IV open with normal saline using new tubing and call the provider