II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QTc = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
识别这条 II 导联心电图上的节律。点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1室性心动过速
2心室颤动
3心脏停搏
4心房颤动
13.优先排序与委派中等
During a blood transfusion, a patient develops chills, back pain and a fever. What is the nurse’s first action?
AStop the transfusion and keep the IV open with normal saline via new tubing
BGive an antipyretic and continue the transfusion
CSlow the transfusion and recheck in an hour
DFinish the unit quickly through a pressure bag so that the reaction does not last long
14.优先排序与委派困难
A patient has full-thickness burns all the way around the chest and is finding it harder to breathe, although the airway is clear. What does this suggest?
AThe patient is anxious and only needs reassurance
BThe patient has had too little IV fluid and needs a fast bolus to improve the breathing
CThe tight burned skin is restricting chest movement, so an escharotomy may be needed
DThe burns are healing and the skin is tightening normally
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
After teaching a patient about a new medication, how does the nurse best check understanding?
AAsk the patient to explain in their own words how and when to take it
BAsk “Do you understand?” and accept a yes
CAsk the family whether they understood the teaching
DGive a printed leaflet about the drug and assume the patient will read it at home
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A nurse calls a provider using SBAR about a patient with falling blood pressure. Which statement is the “Recommendation”?
A“I think he needs to be assessed now. Can you come within the next 15 minutes?”
B“His blood pressure has fallen from 130/80 to 88/50 over the last two hours.”
C“I am calling about Mr. Jansen in room 12, who is hypotensive.”
D“He is 72 and had a bowel resection yesterday.”
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
哪种治疗通过使钾进入细胞内来降低血清钾?
A静脉注射普通胰岛素并配合葡萄糖
B在 10 分钟内静脉注射葡萄糖酸钙
C口服氯化钾补充剂
D静脉输注 0.45% 氯化钠
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient without diabetes in the ICU with sepsis has a glucose of 260 mg/dL (14.4 mmol/L) and an HbA1c of 5.2%. What is the best interpretation?
AType 1 diabetes from autoimmune damage
BLong-standing undiagnosed type 2 diabetes
CStress hyperglycemia from acute illness
DA meter error, because HbA1c is normal
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: D · To remove air from the line
为什么是这个答案
Priming fills the line with fluid and removes air, which could otherwise enter the vein and cause an air embolism.
答案
D · To remove air from the line
2.护理学基础
答案: D · Protect the head, move objects away, time it and do not restrain
为什么是这个答案
During a seizure the nurse keeps the patient safe, notes the time and the features, and never puts anything in the mouth. Afterwards the patient is placed in the recovery position and the airway checked.
答案
D · Protect the head, move objects away, time it and do not restrain
3.临床护理
答案: D · It increases the risk of wound infection, bleeding and cardiac complications
为什么是这个答案
Inadvertent perioperative hypothermia impairs clotting and immune function and increases cardiac events and wound infection. Patients are warmed actively and their temperature monitored.
答案
D · It increases the risk of wound infection, bleeding and cardiac complications
4.临床护理
答案: A · Calmly reassure and redirect him while the team assesses his capacity and safety
为什么是这个答案
De-escalation, reorientation and supervision come first. If he lacks capacity, the team must act in his best interests using the least restrictive measures, following local law and policy.
答案
A · Calmly reassure and redirect him while the team assesses his capacity and safety
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 7.5 × 0.04 = 0.30 s
RR = 15 × 0.04 = 0.60 s
Fridericia 公式
QTc = 0.30/∛0.60 = 0.30/0.8434 = 0.356 s
答案
QTc = 0.356 s
在通常上限之内(男性约 0.45 s,女性约 0.46 s)。(356 ms)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 心室颤动
室性节律:室性心动过速是连续三个或以上宽大(0.12 s 或以上)的波群,频率超过 100 次/分,通常为 150–250 次/分,节律规则,没有相关的 P 波。心室颤动是紊乱、不规则的波形,无法辨认 P 波、QRS 波群或 T 波,也没有可计数的频率。心脏停搏是几乎平直的线,没有心室活动;平直线一定要通过检查患者、导联和增益并换一个导联来确认。在复苏指南中,室颤和无脉性室速是可电击心律,心脏停搏则不是。
五个步骤
1. 心率:没有可计数的心室率。
2. 节律:紊乱,没有重复的规律。
3. P 波:无法辨认。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:没有 QRS 波群。
解读
心室颤动
答案
心室颤动
在复苏指南中,室颤和无脉性室速是可电击心律。这里只是识别练习。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: A · Stop the transfusion and keep the IV open with normal saline via new tubing
为什么是这个答案
For any suspected transfusion reaction, the nurse stops the transfusion at once, keeps the vein open with normal saline through new tubing and informs the provider and blood bank.
答案
A · Stop the transfusion and keep the IV open with normal saline via new tubing
14.优先排序与委派
答案: C · The tight burned skin is restricting chest movement, so an escharotomy may be needed
为什么是这个答案
Circumferential full-thickness burns form stiff eschar that can stop the chest expanding. An escharotomy, cutting through the eschar, may be needed urgently to allow breathing.
答案
C · The tight burned skin is restricting chest movement, so an escharotomy may be needed
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: A · Ask the patient to explain in their own words how and when to take it
为什么是这个答案
With teach-back, the patient explains the information in their own words, which shows whether the teaching worked. A yes to “Do you understand?” does not confirm understanding.
答案
A · Ask the patient to explain in their own words how and when to take it
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: A · “I think he needs to be assessed now. Can you come within the next 15 minutes?”
为什么是这个答案
In SBAR, the situation names the problem, the background gives the history, the assessment shares the nurse’s findings and judgement, and the recommendation states a clear request with a time frame.
答案
A · “I think he needs to be assessed now. Can you come within the next 15 minutes?”
Stress hormones and inflammation raise glucose in acute illness, even without diabetes. A normal HbA1c shows that glucose was normal over the previous months. Stress hyperglycemia is still treated, usually with insulin, because it worsens outcomes.核对依据:Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)