练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 在 24 小时内,一位患者接受 1500 mL 肠外营养,终浓度为 10% 葡萄糖和 6% 氨基酸,另加 500 mL 10% 脂肪乳(1.1 kcal/mL)。 求患者获得的总热量E(kcal/天)。 取整到最接近的整数。
1500 mL葡萄糖 10%氨基酸 6%脂肪 500 mL · 1.1 kcal/mL
E = kcal/天
11.心电图节律条带解读中等
解读这条 II 导联心律条带。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1正常窦性心律
2心房扑动,3:1 传导
3心房扑动,4:1 传导
4心房扑动,2:1 传导
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
识别这条 II 导联心电图上的节律。点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1心房扑动,2:1 传导
2尖端扭转型室性心动过速
3室性自搏心律
4心室颤动
13.优先排序与委派中等
A nurse needs to give report on a patient to a colleague. Which information is the most important to include?
APersonal opinions about the patient’s family members and their visiting habits
BThe patient’s favorite television programs and hobbies
CThe patient’s current condition, recent changes and pending tasks
DDetails of the nurse’s own break times that shift
14.优先排序与委派困难
Two weeks after birth, a mother says she hears voices telling her the baby is evil. What is the priority?
AAdvise more sleep and book a routine follow-up visit for next month
BKeep the mother and baby safe and arrange urgent psychiatric care
CLeave her alone with the baby to bond
DReassure her that this is normal “baby blues”
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
Why are patients on long-term corticosteroids at higher risk from infections?
ASteroids only affect the risk of fungal skin rashes
BSteroids kill the patient’s normal skin bacteria
CSteroids suppress the immune response and can hide signs of infection
DSteroids make the patient’s blood more acidic, which helps bacteria grow
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
一名水痘患儿入院。由哪位工作人员护理该患儿最合适?
A有书面记录证明对水痘有免疫力的护士
B免疫状况不明的实习护生
C从未患过水痘也未接种过疫苗的护士
D怀孕且不确定自己是否有免疫力的护士
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
一名服用呋塞米的患者钾为 2.9 mEq/L。护士预期会出现哪项发现?
A肠道过度活跃引起的腹泻和腹部绞痛
B肌肉无力和腿部抽筋
C口周麻刺感,Chvostek 征阳性
D心电图上 T 波高尖
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
一名心力衰竭患者服用赖诺普利、螺内酯和钾补充剂。今天钾为 6.0 mEq/L。最可能的解释是什么?
A螺内酯导致钾丢失
B钾补充剂对血清水平没有影响
C赖诺普利降低钾
D同时服用了几种使钾升高的药物
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: C · Arrange the visit as soon as possible
为什么是这个答案
Spiritual care is an important part of end-of-life care. The nurse responds promptly to such requests and records the patient's wishes.
答案
C · Arrange the visit as soon as possible
2.护理学基础
答案: B · At the bedside, with the patient and their wristband
为什么是这个答案
The final check matches the patient's identity, by asking and from the wristband, with the blood bag and prescription at the bedside. Most wrong-blood events come from checks done away from the patient.
答案
B · At the bedside, with the patient and their wristband
3.临床护理
答案: C · To monitor whether the infection is spreading or improving
为什么是这个答案
Marking the margin helps staff see whether the redness is spreading despite treatment, which may mean antibiotics need review. The limb is also elevated and observations monitored.
答案
C · To monitor whether the infection is spreading or improving
4.临床护理
答案: A · Benzodiazepine sleeping tablets
为什么是这个答案
Sedatives, hypnotics, antipsychotics and drugs that lower blood pressure increase falls risk. A medication review is part of every falls assessment.
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 15 个小格,1500 ÷ 15 ≈ 100 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.60 s。
3. P 波:无;每 0.20 s 出现规则的锯齿状扑动波(300 次/分),每个 QRS 对应 3 个。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
心房扑动,3:1 传导
答案
心房扑动,3:1 传导
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 尖端扭转型室性心动过速
更多室性心律:尖端扭转型室性心动过速是一种多形性室性心动过速,通常为 150–250 次/分钟,其增宽的波群高度不断变化并围绕基线扭转,先向上几个心搏,再向下。教科书将其与 QT 间期延长联系起来,复苏指南中针对它推荐的药物是硫酸镁。室性自搏心律是一种心室逸搏心律:规则、QRS 增宽(0.12 s 或以上)、无 P 波,频率 20–40 次/分钟(加速性室性自搏心律为 40–100 次/分钟)。单形性室速的增宽波群完全相同,频率超过 100 次/分钟。室颤则是混乱的,没有任何重复的波群。
五个步骤
1. 心率:非常快,各波群相隔约 6 个小格(约 250 次/分钟)。
2. 节律:快且大致规则,但波群的高度和方向呈重复的纺锤形变化。
3. P 波:无法辨认。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:增宽且多形性;波群围绕基线扭转,先向上几个心搏,再向下。
解读
尖端扭转型室性心动过速
答案
尖端扭转型室性心动过速
尖端扭转型室性心动过速是与 QT 间期延长相关的多形性 VT。这里只是识别练习。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: C · The patient’s current condition, recent changes and pending tasks
为什么是这个答案
Effective handover covers the current status, changes, risks and outstanding tasks, often using a structure such as SBAR. Opinions and unrelated details distract from what matters.
答案
C · The patient’s current condition, recent changes and pending tasks
14.优先排序与委派
答案: B · Keep the mother and baby safe and arrange urgent psychiatric care
为什么是这个答案
Hallucinations and delusions after birth suggest postpartum psychosis, a psychiatric emergency with risk to mother and baby. Safety and urgent specialist care are the priorities.
答案
B · Keep the mother and baby safe and arrange urgent psychiatric care
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · Steroids suppress the immune response and can hide signs of infection
为什么是这个答案
Corticosteroids reduce white cell activity and inflammation, so infections develop more easily and may cause less fever or redness. Nurses watch closely for subtle signs.
答案
C · Steroids suppress the immune response and can hide signs of infection