练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 在 24 小时内,一位患者接受 1500 mL 肠外营养,终浓度为 10% 葡萄糖和 4.25% 氨基酸,另加 250 mL 10% 脂肪乳(1.1 kcal/mL)。 求非蛋白热量NPC(kcal/天)。 取整到最接近的整数。
1500 mL葡萄糖 10%氨基酸 4.25%脂肪 250 mL · 1.1 kcal/mL
NPC = kcal/天
11.心电图节律条带解读中等
这条 II 导联心电图条带显示窦性心律伴一次停顿。测量 停顿,即跨越停顿的 R–R 间期,单位为秒。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
停顿 = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这条 II 导联心电图显示心房与心室之间存在传导问题。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1窦性心动过缓
2三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
3二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
4一度房室传导阻滞
13.优先排序与委派中等
On day 3 after hip surgery, a patient suddenly becomes short of breath with sharp chest pain and an SpO₂ of 88%. What should the nurse do first?
AMassage the patient’s calves to ease any muscle cramp
BEncourage the patient to walk to improve the circulation
CGive the next dose of oral analgesia and reassess the patient in an hour
DRaise the head of the bed, give oxygen and call for urgent help
14.优先排序与委派困难
A nurse has a needlestick injury from a used needle. What should the nurse do first?
AWash the area with soap and water
BFinish the shift and report it tomorrow
CSqueeze the wound hard and suck it
DScrub the area with bleach
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
Which technique is correct when collecting a wound culture?
ACollect the sample only after antibiotics have been started
BClean the wound with sterile saline first, then swab clean tissue
CUse one swab to sample two different wounds
DSwab the old pus on the dressing that was just removed from the wound
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
护士在护理一名采取接触传播预防的患者时,发现隔离衣袖子上有裂口。护士应怎么做?
A用一条胶带盖住裂口继续工作
B继续工作,因为裂口很小,而且只在袖子上
C远离患者,在门口安全脱下个人防护装备,清洁双手后重新穿隔离衣
D在破损的隔离衣外再穿一件
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient with type 2 diabetes has a target HbA1c below 7% (53 mmol/mol). Today's result is 7.8% (62 mmol/mol). What is the best interpretation?
AGlucose control has been excellent for the past several months
BThe result shows today's fasting glucose is above the target
CThe patient has had frequent episodes of severe hypoglycemia
DAverage glucose over the past months has been above the target
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient with a serum albumin of 1.9 g/dL (19 g/L) has signs of phenytoin toxicity, although the total phenytoin level is in the usual range. What is the most likely explanation?
ALow albumin raises the free (active) fraction of phenytoin
BLow albumin stops phenytoin from crossing into the brain
CLow albumin makes the liver clear phenytoin much faster
DLow albumin makes the total level falsely high in all cases
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: C · Crushing removes the coating that protects the stomach or drug
为什么是这个答案
Enteric coatings stop the tablet dissolving until it reaches the small intestine, protecting the stomach lining or the drug from stomach acid. Crushing destroys this protection.
答案
C · Crushing removes the coating that protects the stomach or drug
2.护理学基础
答案: C · Serious reactions often happen early in a transfusion
为什么是这个答案
Severe reactions, such as ABO incompatibility and anaphylaxis, often appear soon after starting. Observations before, at about 15 minutes and at the end, plus close watching, allow early action.
答案
C · Serious reactions often happen early in a transfusion
3.临床护理
答案: D · Airway, breathing, circulation and level of consciousness
为什么是这个答案
Early postoperative assessment checks the airway, breathing, oxygen saturation, circulation, consciousness, pain, wound and drains. This detects anaesthetic and surgical complications early.
答案
D · Airway, breathing, circulation and level of consciousness
窄 QRS 心动过速与停顿:室上性心动过速(SVT)是规则的心动过速,约 150–250 次/分钟,QRS 波群较窄;P 波通常看不到,因为它们隐藏在 QRS 波群或 T 波中。成人静息时的窦性心动过速通常低于约 150 次/分钟,且每个 QRS 前都有可见的 P 波;伴 2:1 传导的心房扑动常在约 150 次/分钟,并显示锯齿波。窦性停搏是指窦房结暂时停止发放冲动:出现既无 P 波也无 QRS 的停顿,其长度不是 P–P 周期的整数倍(恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞)。
测量
跨越停顿,从 R 波到 R 波共 40 个小格
转换
停顿 = 40 × 0.04 s = 1.6 s
与 P–P 比较
1.60 ÷ 0.92 ≈ 1.7 个 P–P 周期,不是整数
答案
停顿 = 1.6 s
停顿中没有出现 P 波,且停顿不是 P–P 周期的整数倍:窦性停搏。恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞。
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
五个步骤
1. 心率:6 秒内有 4 个 QRS 波群,× 10 = 40 次/分。
2. 节律:P 波规则;R–R 规则,只有一处因缺少 QRS 而出现长暂停。
3. P 波:直立且规则(P–P 0.96 s,63 次/分);每 3 个 P 波中有一个后面没有 QRS。
4. PR 间期:下传的搏动中恒定为 0.16 s。
5. QRS:0.10 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
答案
二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
II 型和三度阻滞可能突然进展,所以教科书将它们列为比 I 型更严重。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: D · Raise the head of the bed, give oxygen and call for urgent help
为什么是这个答案
Sudden breathlessness and chest pain after surgery suggest a pulmonary embolism. The nurse supports breathing with positioning and oxygen and escalates at once; walking or leg massage could make things worse.
答案
D · Raise the head of the bed, give oxygen and call for urgent help
14.优先排序与委派
答案: A · Wash the area with soap and water
为什么是这个答案
The wound is washed with soap and water at once. The nurse then reports the injury immediately so the source patient can be tested and post-exposure treatment considered.
答案
A · Wash the area with soap and water
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: B · Clean the wound with sterile saline first, then swab clean tissue
为什么是这个答案
Old exudate contains surface bacteria that may not be causing the infection. The wound is cleaned with sterile saline and then swabbed over clean, viable tissue, ideally before antibiotics start.
答案
B · Clean the wound with sterile saline first, then swab clean tissue
答案: D · Average glucose over the past months has been above the target
为什么是这个答案
An HbA1c of 7.8% shows that average glucose has been above the individual target over about 2–3 months. The nurse explores diet, activity, medication use and barriers, and the treatment plan may be adjusted.核对依据:Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案
D · Average glucose over the past months has been above the target
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: A · Low albumin raises the free (active) fraction of phenytoin
为什么是这个答案
Phenytoin is highly protein bound, and only the free drug is active. When albumin is low, more phenytoin is free, so toxicity can occur with a "normal" total level. A free phenytoin level or a corrected level helps.核对依据:Phenytoin · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2023); Antiepileptic Drug Monitoring · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2025)
答案
A · Low albumin raises the free (active) fraction of phenytoin