练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名体重 99 kg 的成人在 24 小时内输注 2400 mL 含 25% 葡萄糖的肠外营养。求葡萄糖输注速率GIR(mg/kg/min)。 保留两位小数。
99 kg2400 mL葡萄糖 25%24 h
GIR = mg/kg/min
11.心电图节律条带解读中等
这条 II 导联心电图条带显示窦性心律伴一次停顿。测量 停顿,即跨越停顿的 R–R 间期,单位为秒。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
停顿 = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这条 II 导联心电图显示心房与心室之间存在传导问题。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1一度房室传导阻滞
2二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
3三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
4二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
13.优先排序与委派中等
A nurse has given rapid-acting insulin, and then learns that the patient’s meal tray will be 45 minutes late. What should the nurse do?
ATell the patient to wait and do nothing until the tray comes
BAsk the patient to walk around the ward until the food arrives
CGive a second, smaller dose of insulin when the meal tray finally arrives
DGet the patient some carbohydrate food now and check the glucose
14.优先排序与委派困难
Which patient finding after a total knee replacement needs the nurse’s action first?
AA small amount of dried blood on the dressing
BPain of 4/10 when the physiotherapist bends the knee during the morning session
CAsks for an ice pack to help with swelling around the knee
DSudden calf pain and swelling in the operated leg, with new breathlessness
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
患者的血液意外溅入护士眼睛后,护士应怎么做?
A立即用大量清水或生理盐水冲洗眼睛,然后上报
B完成操作,第二天再上报
C滴抗生素眼药水,不告诉任何人
D先用干净的干纸巾轻轻揉眼睛擦去血液
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
Minutes after the first IV dose of an antibiotic starts, the patient develops wheezing, hives and low blood pressure. What should the nurse do first?
ARecord the new allergy in the chart
BGive an oral antihistamine
CStop the infusion
DSlow the infusion rate
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient with hyperkalemia is prescribed an oral potassium binder such as patiromer or sodium zirconium cyclosilicate. How does this drug lower potassium?
AIt protects the heart muscle against high potassium levels
BIt binds potassium in the gut so it leaves in the stool
CIt moves potassium into cells in the next few minutes
DIt stops the kidneys from absorbing water in the tubules
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient taking isoniazid for latent TB reports nausea, loss of appetite and dark urine. The ALT is five times the upper limit of normal. What is the best action?
AReassure the patient that dark urine is a harmless drug effect
BHold the isoniazid and report the findings to the prescriber at once
CContinue the isoniazid and give it with food to settle the stomach
DDouble the dose to finish the treatment course more quickly
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: D · Air flows into the room, so airborne particles do not escape into the corridor
为什么是这个答案
Negative pressure draws air into the room and out through filtered exhaust. It is used for airborne infections such as tuberculosis; positive pressure is used to protect patients with very weak immunity.
答案
D · Air flows into the room, so airborne particles do not escape into the corridor
答案: B · Delays can quickly worsen rigidity, immobility and swallowing
为什么是这个答案
Levodopa has a short effect, so missed or late doses can lead to severe stiffness, falls, swallowing problems and, rarely, a dangerous hyperpyrexia-like state. Parkinson's medicines are treated as time-critical.
答案
B · Delays can quickly worsen rigidity, immobility and swallowing
4.临床护理
答案: B · Lowering the sodium too fast can cause cerebral oedema
为什么是这个答案
In chronic hypernatraemia, brain cells adapt by holding extra solutes. If sodium falls too quickly, water moves into brain cells and causes cerebral oedema, so correction is controlled.
答案
B · Lowering the sodium too fast can cause cerebral oedema
窄 QRS 心动过速与停顿:室上性心动过速(SVT)是规则的心动过速,约 150–250 次/分钟,QRS 波群较窄;P 波通常看不到,因为它们隐藏在 QRS 波群或 T 波中。成人静息时的窦性心动过速通常低于约 150 次/分钟,且每个 QRS 前都有可见的 P 波;伴 2:1 传导的心房扑动常在约 150 次/分钟,并显示锯齿波。窦性停搏是指窦房结暂时停止发放冲动:出现既无 P 波也无 QRS 的停顿,其长度不是 P–P 周期的整数倍(恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞)。
测量
跨越停顿,从 R 波到 R 波共 53 个小格
转换
停顿 = 53 × 0.04 s = 2.12 s
与 P–P 比较
2.12 ÷ 0.92 ≈ 2.3 个 P–P 周期,不是整数
答案
停顿 = 2.12 s
停顿中没有出现 P 波,且停顿不是 P–P 周期的整数倍:窦性停搏。恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞。
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
五个步骤
1. 心率:6 秒内有 5 个 QRS 波群,× 10 = 50 次/分。
2. 节律:P 波规则;R–R 规则,只有一处因缺少 QRS 而出现长暂停。
3. P 波:直立且规则(P–P 0.96 s,63 次/分);每 4 个 P 波中有一个后面没有 QRS。
4. PR 间期:下传的搏动中恒定为 0.20 s。
5. QRS:0.06 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
答案
二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
II 型和三度阻滞可能突然进展,所以教科书将它们列为比 I 型更严重。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: D · Get the patient some carbohydrate food now and check the glucose
为什么是这个答案
Rapid-acting insulin starts working within minutes, so a long delay before eating risks hypoglycemia. The nurse arranges food or carbohydrate now and monitors the glucose.
答案
D · Get the patient some carbohydrate food now and check the glucose
14.优先排序与委派
答案: D · Sudden calf pain and swelling in the operated leg, with new breathlessness
为什么是这个答案
Calf pain and swelling suggest deep vein thrombosis, and new breathlessness raises concern for a pulmonary embolism. This needs immediate assessment and escalation; the other findings are expected.
答案
D · Sudden calf pain and swelling in the operated leg, with new breathlessness
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: A · 立即用大量清水或生理盐水冲洗眼睛,然后上报
为什么是这个答案
应立即用大量清水或生理盐水冲洗黏膜,例如在洗眼站。暴露应立即上报,以便评估风险并考虑暴露后治疗。
答案
A · 立即用大量清水或生理盐水冲洗眼睛,然后上报
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · Stop the infusion
为什么是这个答案
These are signs of anaphylaxis. The nurse stops the infusion at once, calls for help and supports the airway, and intramuscular epinephrine (adrenaline) is the first-line treatment. Documentation comes later.
答案
C · Stop the infusion
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: B · It binds potassium in the gut so it leaves in the stool
为什么是这个答案
Potassium binders exchange potassium in the gut for another ion, so potassium is removed from the body in the stool. They act over hours, so they are not used alone for emergencies; calcium protects the heart, and insulin with glucose shifts potassium into cells quickly.核对依据:High potassium level · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案
B · It binds potassium in the gut so it leaves in the stool
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: B · Hold the isoniazid and report the findings to the prescriber at once
为什么是这个答案
Isoniazid can cause hepatitis, which may be severe. Symptoms such as nausea, loss of appetite and dark urine with a markedly raised ALT mean the drug should be held and the prescriber informed. Patients are taught to avoid alcohol and report these symptoms early.
答案
B · Hold the isoniazid and report the findings to the prescriber at once