答案: D · At the bedside, with the patient and their wristband
为什么是这个答案
The final check matches the patient's identity, by asking and from the wristband, with the blood bag and prescription at the bedside. Most wrong-blood events come from checks done away from the patient.
答案
D · At the bedside, with the patient and their wristband
3.临床护理
答案: B · A nebulised or inhaled short-acting beta2-agonist (salbutamol/albuterol)
为什么是这个答案
Short-acting beta2-agonists relieve bronchospasm within minutes. Oxygen to target, steroids and other treatments are added according to severity.
答案
B · A nebulised or inhaled short-acting beta2-agonist (salbutamol/albuterol)
4.临床护理
答案: C · A fall in blood pressure
为什么是这个答案
Young adults compensate for blood loss with tachycardia and vasoconstriction, so blood pressure may stay normal until a large volume is lost. Hypotension is therefore a late and serious sign.
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 11 × 0.04 = 0.44 s
RR = 20 × 0.04 = 0.80 s
Fridericia 公式
QTc = 0.44/∛0.80 = 0.44/0.9283 = 0.474 s
答案
QTc = 0.474 s
超过男性(约 0.45 s)和女性(约 0.46 s)的通常上限:延长。(474 ms)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
五个步骤
1. 心率:6 秒内有 5 个 QRS 波群,× 10 = 50 次/分。
2. 节律:P 波规则;R–R 规则,只有一处因缺少 QRS 而出现长暂停。
3. P 波:直立且规则(P–P 0.72 s,83 次/分);每 3 个 P 波中有一个后面没有 QRS。
4. PR 间期:下传的搏动中恒定为 0.18 s。
5. QRS:0.10 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
答案
二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
II 型和三度阻滞可能突然进展,所以教科书将它们列为比 I 型更严重。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: C · “I will cross my legs when I sit, so I am more comfortable.”
为什么是这个答案
After a posterior hip replacement, crossing the legs, bending the hip beyond 90 degrees and turning the leg inwards can cause dislocation. Raised seats and a pillow between the knees help prevent it.
答案
C · “I will cross my legs when I sit, so I am more comfortable.”
答案: C · Call “all clear” and check that nobody is touching the patient or bed
为什么是这个答案
Anyone touching the patient or bed could receive the shock. The operator announces “clear” and looks to confirm that nobody is in contact, and oxygen is moved away from the chest.
答案
C · Call “all clear” and check that nobody is touching the patient or bed
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: D · Explain that they must stay in the room, and offer ways to stay active inside it
为什么是这个答案
Patients on airborne precautions stay in the negative-pressure room with the door closed, leaving only for essential tests while wearing a surgical mask. The nurse explains why and helps the patient cope with confinement.
答案
D · Explain that they must stay in the room, and offer ways to stay active inside it
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: A · It falls, because GFR rises
为什么是这个答案
In pregnancy, kidney blood flow and GFR rise by about 50%, so creatinine falls below non-pregnant values. A creatinine that looks "normal" for a non-pregnant adult may indicate reduced kidney function in pregnancy.