In a patient with sepsis, what does a raised blood lactate suggest?
AThe tissues are not getting enough oxygen
BThe infection has been cured
CThe patient has eaten recently
DThe kidneys are making too much urine
3.临床护理中等
一名老年患者在病房中跌倒风险很高。哪项护理措施最恰当?
A摘掉患者的眼镜以防摔坏
B对每位患者都自动使用床栏
C始终让患者卧床
D把呼叫铃和个人物品放在伸手可及处,并复核引起嗜睡的药物
4.临床护理困难
During a blood transfusion, an older patient with heart failure becomes breathless with a rising blood pressure, raised JVP and crackles in the lungs. What is the most likely cause?
AAnaphylaxis
BA febrile non-haemolytic reaction
CTransfusion-related acute lung injury with hypotension
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名体重 77 kg 的成人在 24 小时内输注 1500 mL 含 17.5% 葡萄糖的肠外营养。求葡萄糖输注速率GIR(mg/kg/min)。 保留两位小数。
77 kg1500 mL葡萄糖 17.5%24 h
GIR = mg/kg/min
11.心电图节律条带解读中等
这条 II 导联心电图条带显示窦性心律伴一次停顿。测量 停顿,即跨越停顿的 R–R 间期,单位为秒。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
停顿 = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这条 II 导联心电图显示二度房室传导阻滞 I 型(文氏现象)。测量未下传 P 波之前最后一个下传搏动的 PR 间期(即最长的 PR),以秒为单位。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
最长的 PR = s
13.优先排序与委派中等
A patient taking clozapine reports a sore throat and fever. What is the priority action?
AIncrease the dose because the symptoms suggest a relapse
BHold the dose and report so the white cell count can be checked
CAdvise the patient to gargle with warm salt water and rest in bed
DOffer throat lozenges and continue the usual dose
14.优先排序与委派困难
During JumpSTART triage, a child who cannot walk is breathing 50 times a minute. Which category is the child given?
ARed (immediate)
BYellow (delayed)
CBlack (expectant)
DGreen (minor)
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
A patient has a weak left leg. Which instruction about using a cane is correct?
AMove the cane and the right leg forward together
BKeep the cane well out to the side, away from the body
CHold the cane in the right hand, on the stronger side
DHold the cane in the left hand, on the weaker side
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A nurse often skips barcode scanning to save time, as many colleagues do. In a just culture, how is this behavior classed?
AAcceptable behavior, because it is common on the unit
BReckless behavior, managed by immediate dismissal and reporting to the licensing board
CSimple human error, managed only by consoling the nurse and moving on
DAt-risk behavior, managed by coaching and fixing the system pressures behind it
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
哪种心电图改变与低钙血症有关?
A明显的 delta 波
BT 波高尖
CQT 间期缩短
DQT 间期延长
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient with schizophrenia drinks very large amounts of water each day. Sodium is 121 mEq/L, and the urine is very dilute (urine osmolality 70 mOsm/kg). Which explanation fits best?
APrimary (psychogenic) polydipsia
BCentral diabetes insipidus
CHyperosmolar hyperglycemic state
DSyndrome of inappropriate ADH
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: C · 准确的记录有助于安全的连续护理,并且是法律文件
为什么是这个答案
及时记录能向团队传达患者状况,支持决策,并作为所提供护理的法律证据。
答案
C · 准确的记录有助于安全的连续护理,并且是法律文件
2.护理学基础
答案: A · The tissues are not getting enough oxygen
为什么是这个答案
When tissues are poorly perfused they switch to anaerobic metabolism and produce lactate. A raised lactate in sepsis signals higher risk and the need for urgent treatment.
答案: D · Transfusion-associated circulatory overload
为什么是这个答案
TACO causes pulmonary oedema with hypertension and raised venous pressure, especially in older people and those with heart or kidney disease. TRALI usually presents with hypotension and no fluid overload signs.
窄 QRS 心动过速与停顿:室上性心动过速(SVT)是规则的心动过速,约 150–250 次/分钟,QRS 波群较窄;P 波通常看不到,因为它们隐藏在 QRS 波群或 T 波中。成人静息时的窦性心动过速通常低于约 150 次/分钟,且每个 QRS 前都有可见的 P 波;伴 2:1 传导的心房扑动常在约 150 次/分钟,并显示锯齿波。窦性停搏是指窦房结暂时停止发放冲动:出现既无 P 波也无 QRS 的停顿,其长度不是 P–P 周期的整数倍(恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞)。
测量
跨越停顿,从 R 波到 R 波共 51 个小格
转换
停顿 = 51 × 0.04 s = 2.04 s
与 P–P 比较
2.04 ÷ 0.88 ≈ 2.3 个 P–P 周期,不是整数
答案
停顿 = 2.04 s
停顿中没有出现 P 波,且停顿不是 P–P 周期的整数倍:窦性停搏。恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞。
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案:最长的 PR = 0.38 s
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
答案: B · Hold the dose and report so the white cell count can be checked
为什么是这个答案
Clozapine can cause agranulocytosis. A sore throat or fever may be the first sign of infection, so the nurse reports it and the neutrophil count is checked before more doses are given.
答案
B · Hold the dose and report so the white cell count can be checked
14.优先排序与委派
答案: A · Red (immediate)
为什么是这个答案
In JumpSTART, a respiratory rate below 15 or above 45 per minute makes the child immediate (red). Children breathe faster than adults, so the adult cut-off of 30 is not used.
答案
A · Red (immediate)
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · Hold the cane in the right hand, on the stronger side
为什么是这个答案
The cane is held on the strong side and moved forward with the weak leg, so it shares the weight that the weak leg cannot take. It is kept close to the body for stability.
答案
C · Hold the cane in the right hand, on the stronger side
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: D · At-risk behavior, managed by coaching and fixing the system pressures behind it
为什么是这个答案
At-risk behavior is a choice whose risk is not recognized or is believed to be justified, often because shortcuts have become normal. It is managed by coaching and removing the pressures behind it, while reckless behavior may need disciplinary action.
答案
D · At-risk behavior, managed by coaching and fixing the system pressures behind it
In primary polydipsia, ADH is appropriately suppressed, so the kidneys make very dilute urine, but the intake exceeds what they can excrete. In SIADH the urine is inappropriately concentrated. Fluid restriction and close sodium monitoring are needed.核对依据:Osmolality urine test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)