II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QTc = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这条 II 导联心电图显示房室传导阻滞,所以心房和心室以不同的频率搏动。QRS 波群是规则的:求出心室率(单位:次/分,1500 法,取整数)。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
心室率 = bpm
13.优先排序与委派中等
A patient with schizophrenia says voices are telling him to hurt his roommate. What is the priority?
AIgnore the comment, because voices are part of his illness
BKeep everyone safe and tell the team, as the risk of harm is high
CAsk the roommate to stay in the room with him and help calm him down
DTell him the voices are not real and leave him alone
14.优先排序与委派困难
An infant with pyloric stenosis has repeated projectile vomiting. Which acid-base imbalance is most likely?
AMetabolic alkalosis
BRespiratory alkalosis
CRespiratory acidosis
DMetabolic acidosis
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
患者佩戴腕部约束带期间,最重要的评估是什么?
A用手表测试患者双耳的听力
B患者当天的饮食喜好
C约束带远端的血液循环、感觉和皮肤
D患者的身高和体重
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
In START triage at a mass-casualty incident, a casualty cannot walk, breathes 20 times a minute, has a radial pulse and follows simple commands. Which category applies?
ABlack (expectant or dead)
BGreen (minor)
CRed (immediate)
DYellow (delayed)
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
Apart from the lithium level, which tests are monitored regularly in long-term lithium therapy?
AINR and the platelet count
BKidney function and thyroid function
CLiver enzymes and serum amylase
DTroponin and creatine kinase (CK)
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient receiving IV magnesium sulfate has a respiratory rate of 9/min and absent patellar reflexes. After stopping the infusion, which medication should the nurse expect to give?
ASodium bicarbonate
BPotassium chloride
CCalcium gluconate
DProtamine sulfate
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: A · The patient may still be identifiable, which breaches confidentiality
为什么是这个答案
Details such as the ward, the condition or the date can reveal who a patient is. Professional codes forbid sharing patient information on social media, even without names.
答案
A · The patient may still be identifiable, which breaches confidentiality
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 11 × 0.04 = 0.44 s
RR = 24 × 0.04 = 0.96 s
Bazett 公式
QTc = 0.44/√0.96 = 0.44/0.9798 = 0.449 s
答案
QTc = 0.449 s
在通常上限之内(男性约 0.45 s,女性约 0.46 s)。(449 ms)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 心室率 = 47 bpm
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
答案: B · Keep everyone safe and tell the team, as the risk of harm is high
为什么是这个答案
Command hallucinations to harm others are a serious safety risk. The nurse keeps the patient and others safe, for example by separating them, and informs the team at once.
答案
B · Keep everyone safe and tell the team, as the risk of harm is high
14.优先排序与委派
答案: A · Metabolic alkalosis
为什么是这个答案
Repeated vomiting of stomach contents loses hydrochloric acid, causing metabolic alkalosis, often with low chloride and potassium. Fluids and electrolytes are corrected before surgery.
The casualty cannot walk, so is not green. Breathing is under 30 a minute, perfusion is adequate and they obey commands, so none of the red criteria apply. This makes them yellow, delayed.
答案
D · Yellow (delayed)
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: B · Kidney function and thyroid function
为什么是这个答案
Long-term lithium can cause hypothyroidism and impair kidney function, including nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Creatinine/eGFR and TSH are therefore checked regularly, together with sodium and the lithium level.核对依据:Hypothyroidism · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案
B · Kidney function and thyroid function
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: C · Calcium gluconate
为什么是这个答案
Absent reflexes and slow breathing indicate magnesium toxicity. The infusion is stopped, the provider is called, the airway and breathing are supported, and IV calcium gluconate is given as prescribed to counteract magnesium.