答案: D · Check the patient for injuries before moving them
为什么是这个答案
After a fall, the patient is assessed first, including airway, breathing, circulation, head injury and possible fractures, before deciding how to move them safely. The fall is then reported and the care plan reviewed.
答案
D · Check the patient for injuries before moving them
4.临床护理
答案: D · Benzodiazepines, such as buccal midazolam or IV lorazepam
为什么是这个答案
Benzodiazepines enhance GABA and are first-line for seizures lasting over five minutes. If seizures continue, second-line antiepileptic drugs are given and senior help is needed.
答案
D · Benzodiazepines, such as buccal midazolam or IV lorazepam
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 9.5 × 0.04 = 0.38 s
RR = 17 × 0.04 = 0.68 s
Bazett 公式
QTc = 0.38/√0.68 = 0.38/0.8246 = 0.461 s
答案
QTc = 0.461 s
超过男性(约 0.45 s)和女性(约 0.46 s)的通常上限:延长。(461 ms)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 26 个小格,1500 ÷ 26 ≈ 58 次/分。
2. 节律:R–R 规则(1.04 s),P–P 规则(0.60 s),但二者互相独立。
3. P 波:直立且规则,为 100 次/分,但与 QRS 波群无关联;有些藏在 QRS 或 T 波中。
4. PR 间期:逐搏变化;没有固定关系。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
答案
三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
II 型和三度阻滞可能突然进展,所以教科书将它们列为比 I 型更严重。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: A · Turn the patient onto their side
为什么是这个答案
A drowsy patient who vomits can aspirate. Turning them to the side lets vomit drain from the mouth; suction and a prescribed antiemetic follow.
答案: C · The patient’s allergies, by checking the record and asking the patient
为什么是这个答案
Before any new drug, the nurse checks recorded allergies and asks the patient directly about past reactions. The patient is then watched closely after the first dose.
答案
C · The patient’s allergies, by checking the record and asking the patient
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: B · There are too few neutrophils to produce the usual inflammatory signs
为什么是这个答案
Classic signs of infection come from the inflammatory response, which depends on white blood cells. With very few neutrophils, fever may be the only early sign, so it must be taken seriously.
答案
B · There are too few neutrophils to produce the usual inflammatory signs
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: C · The disease is unlikely, so it helps rule it out
为什么是这个答案
Sensitivity is the proportion of people with the disease who test positive. A highly sensitive test has few false negatives, so a negative result helps rule the disease out (the D-dimer is an example). Specificity relates to ruling in.
答案
C · The disease is unlikely, so it helps rule it out
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: C · Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
为什么是这个答案
An ascitic neutrophil count of 250 cells/mm³ or more indicates spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, which is treated with antibiotics. It can occur without classic signs, so new confusion or worsening kidney function in cirrhosis should also prompt a diagnostic paracentesis.核对依据:Ascites · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024); Peritonitis · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)