II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QTc = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
依次按五个步骤解读这条 II 导联心电图:心率、节律、P 波、PR 间期、QRS 时限。你在哪一步发现第一个异常?点击它。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1折旧率
2节律
3P 波
4PR 间期
5QRS 时限
13.优先排序与委派中等
Which patient with diabetes should the nurse see first?
ANeeds foot care teaching before discharge tomorrow
BHbA1c result of 8.2%, asking about diet
CGlucose 210 mg/dL (11.7 mmol/L) after a large lunch, feels well
DGlucose 48 mg/dL (2.7 mmol/L), sweating and confused
14.优先排序与委派困难
一名从房屋火灾中获救的患者面部烧伤,鼻毛烧焦,声音嘶哑。优先事项是什么?
A保护气道,准备早期气道支持
B给予止痛
C清洁并包扎面部烧伤
D开始根据烧伤面积计算的静脉液体复苏
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
A patient has a weak left leg. Which instruction about using a cane is correct?
AHold the cane in the left hand, on the weaker side
BMove the cane and the right leg forward together
CKeep the cane well out to the side, away from the body
DHold the cane in the right hand, on the stronger side
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
During a procedure, a nurse sees that the team is about to start without a time-out. What should the nurse do?
AWait and raise the issue after the procedure is finished
BSay nothing, because the surgeon is responsible for the procedure
CSpeak up clearly and stop the start until the time-out is done
DReport it to the manager at the end of the week
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A pregnant woman's blood type is O Rh-negative, and her antibody screen (indirect Coombs test) is negative. What is usually offered at about 28 weeks?
ADaily oral iron and folic acid supplements only
BAn IV dose of vitamin K given for the fetus
CA transfusion of group O Rh-positive red cells
DAnti-D immunoglobulin (Rho(D) immune globulin)
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient with SIADH is on fluid restriction. Which task can the RN delegate to unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP), such as a nursing or healthcare assistant?
ATeaching the reasons for fluid restriction
BAssessing the patient for new confusion
CDeciding when to recheck the sodium level
DMeasuring and recording intake and output
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: B · Into the pocket of the lower eyelid
为什么是这个答案
Drops go into the lower conjunctival sac, which is less sensitive than the cornea. Pressing gently on the inner corner afterwards reduces drainage into the nose.
答案
B · Into the pocket of the lower eyelid
2.护理学基础
答案: D · Withhold it and contact the prescriber, as amoxicillin is a penicillin
为什么是这个答案
Amoxicillin is a penicillin and can cause the same allergic reaction, including anaphylaxis. The nurse withholds it and asks for an alternative.
答案
D · Withhold it and contact the prescriber, as amoxicillin is a penicillin
3.临床护理
答案: C · The risk of a full stroke is highest in the days after a TIA
为什么是这个答案
The risk of stroke is highest soon after a TIA. Rapid assessment and treatment, such as antiplatelets, statins and carotid imaging, reduce this risk.
答案
C · The risk of a full stroke is highest in the days after a TIA
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 8 × 0.04 = 0.32 s
RR = 18 × 0.04 = 0.72 s
Fridericia 公式
QTc = 0.32/∛0.72 = 0.32/0.8963 = 0.357 s
答案
QTc = 0.357 s
在通常上限之内(男性约 0.45 s,女性约 0.46 s)。(357 ms)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: QRS 时限
每条心电图的五个步骤:1. 心率(300 法或 1500 法;若不规则则用 6 秒法);2. 节律:R–R 间期是否相等;3. P 波:是否存在、在 II 导联直立、每个 QRS 之前各有一个且形态一致;4. PR 间期:0.12–0.20 s 且恒定;5. QRS 时限:低于 0.12 s。五个步骤做完之后才命名节律。正常窦性心律五项全部符合:60–100 次/分,规则,每个 QRS 之前有直立 P 波,PR 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 低于 0.12 s。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 17 个小格,1500 ÷ 17 ≈ 88 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.68 s。
3. P 波:直立,每个 QRS 之前各有一个,形态一致。
4. PR 间期:0.14 s,恒定,在 0.12–0.20 s 范围内。
5. QRS:0.14 s,增宽(0.12 s 或以上)。
第一个异常的步骤
QRS 时限 → 窦性心律伴宽 QRS
答案
QRS 时限
13.优先排序与委派
答案: D · Glucose 48 mg/dL (2.7 mmol/L), sweating and confused
为什么是这个答案
Severe hypoglycemia with confusion can quickly lead to seizures and loss of consciousness. The other patients have problems that matter but are not immediately dangerous.
答案
D · Glucose 48 mg/dL (2.7 mmol/L), sweating and confused
答案: D · Hold the cane in the right hand, on the stronger side
为什么是这个答案
The cane is held on the strong side and moved forward with the weak leg, so it shares the weight that the weak leg cannot take. It is kept close to the body for stability.
答案
D · Hold the cane in the right hand, on the stronger side
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · Speak up clearly and stop the start until the time-out is done
为什么是这个答案
The time-out is a key step to prevent wrong-patient, wrong-site and wrong-procedure errors. Any team member who sees it being skipped should speak up and halt the procedure until it is done.
答案
C · Speak up clearly and stop the start until the time-out is done
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: D · Anti-D immunoglobulin (Rho(D) immune globulin)
为什么是这个答案
An Rh-negative mother can form anti-D antibodies if Rh-positive fetal blood enters her circulation, which can cause hemolytic disease in a later pregnancy. Anti-D immunoglobulin at about 28 weeks and after delivery of an Rh-positive baby prevents this sensitization.核对依据:Red Blood Cell Antibody Screen · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Hemolytic disease of the newborn · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案
D · Anti-D immunoglobulin (Rho(D) immune globulin)
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: D · Measuring and recording intake and output
为什么是这个答案
UAP can measure and record intake and output and weigh the patient, then report the values to the RN. Assessing mental status, teaching and making decisions about laboratory monitoring need nursing judgment and remain with the RN.