II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1窦性心动过速
2心房扑动,2:1 传导
3正常窦性心律
4心房扑动,4:1 传导
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
识别这条 II 导联心电图上的节律。点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1室上性心动过速(SVT)
2尖端扭转型室性心动过速
3室性自搏心律
4心室颤动
13.优先排序与委派中等
A patient on a nasal cannula at 6 L/min still has a low SpO₂. What should the nurse do?
ARemove the oxygen to see if the SpO₂ changes
BReport it, because a different oxygen device is likely to be needed
CRecheck the SpO₂ at the next routine set of observations in four hours
DTurn the nasal cannula up to 15 L/min
14.优先排序与委派困难
Six hours after surgery, a patient has not passed urine, feels the urge to go and has a firm swelling above the pubic bone. What is the most likely problem?
AAcute kidney injury with no urine made
BDehydration from fasting before surgery
CUrinary retention
DA normal effect of the anesthetic
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
Which PPE does a nurse wear when giving an IV chemotherapy drug?
AOne pair of standard latex gloves, changed after the infusion is started
BTwo pairs of chemotherapy-tested gloves and a disposable impermeable gown
CA reusable cloth gown and one pair of gloves
DA surgical mask and no gloves
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
一名水痘患儿入院。由哪位工作人员护理该患儿最合适?
A免疫状况不明的实习护生
B怀孕且不确定自己是否有免疫力的护士
C有书面记录证明对水痘有免疫力的护士
D从未患过水痘也未接种过疫苗的护士
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient on a heparin infusion has blood in the urine and an aPTT far above the target. The nurse stops the infusion and informs the provider. Which antidote should the nurse anticipate?
AProtamine sulfate
BVitamin K (phytonadione)
CNaloxone
DCalcium gluconate
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient admitted with heavy alcohol use and malnutrition has a glucose of 52 mg/dL (2.9 mmol/L) and low magnesium. Which prescribed treatment should be given before the IV glucose?
AIV potassium
BIV thiamine
CIV insulin
DOral iron
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: C · The fall has not happened yet, but risk factors are present
为什么是这个答案
A risk diagnosis describes a problem the patient is vulnerable to, based on risk factors, with no signs yet. Care aims to prevent the problem from occurring.
答案
C · The fall has not happened yet, but risk factors are present
2.护理学基础
答案: A · Cyanosis
为什么是这个答案
Early hypoxia causes restlessness, anxiety, tachycardia and tachypnoea as the body compensates. Cyanosis appears late, when a lot of haemoglobin is already deoxygenated, so nurses should not wait for it.
答案
A · Cyanosis
3.临床护理
答案: B · Avoid large meals late in the evening and raise the head of the bed
为什么是这个答案
Smaller meals, not eating close to bedtime, raising the head of the bed, weight loss and stopping smoking reduce reflux. Lying flat after eating makes it worse.
答案
B · Avoid large meals late in the evening and raise the head of the bed
4.临床护理
答案: D · "I will drink less water so I don't need to pass urine as often."
为什么是这个答案
A high fluid intake dilutes urine and is the most important general measure to prevent stones. Dietary advice depends on the stone's composition.
答案
D · "I will drink less water so I don't need to pass urine as often."
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 20 个小格,1500 ÷ 20 ≈ 75 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.80 s。
3. P 波:无;每 0.20 s 出现规则的锯齿状扑动波(300 次/分),每个 QRS 对应 4 个。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
心房扑动,4:1 传导
答案
心房扑动,4:1 传导
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 尖端扭转型室性心动过速
更多室性心律:尖端扭转型室性心动过速是一种多形性室性心动过速,通常为 150–250 次/分钟,其增宽的波群高度不断变化并围绕基线扭转,先向上几个心搏,再向下。教科书将其与 QT 间期延长联系起来,复苏指南中针对它推荐的药物是硫酸镁。室性自搏心律是一种心室逸搏心律:规则、QRS 增宽(0.12 s 或以上)、无 P 波,频率 20–40 次/分钟(加速性室性自搏心律为 40–100 次/分钟)。单形性室速的增宽波群完全相同,频率超过 100 次/分钟。室颤则是混乱的,没有任何重复的波群。
五个步骤
1. 心率:非常快,各波群相隔约 6 个小格(约 250 次/分钟)。
2. 节律:快且大致规则,但波群的高度和方向呈重复的纺锤形变化。
3. P 波:无法辨认。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:增宽且多形性;波群围绕基线扭转,先向上几个心搏,再向下。
解读
尖端扭转型室性心动过速
答案
尖端扭转型室性心动过速
尖端扭转型室性心动过速是与 QT 间期延长相关的多形性 VT。这里只是识别练习。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: B · Report it, because a different oxygen device is likely to be needed
为什么是这个答案
Standard nasal cannulas are usually run at up to about 6 L/min; higher flows dry the nose without much benefit. If the patient still needs more oxygen, the nurse assesses and escalates for a different device.
答案
B · Report it, because a different oxygen device is likely to be needed
14.优先排序与委派
答案: C · Urinary retention
为什么是这个答案
An urge to void with a palpable bladder points to retention, not reduced urine production. The nurse confirms with a bladder scan if available and follows the prescribed plan, such as catheterization.
答案
C · Urinary retention
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: B · Two pairs of chemotherapy-tested gloves and a disposable impermeable gown
为什么是这个答案
Hazardous drugs can be absorbed through the skin or inhaled. Staff wear double chemotherapy-tested gloves and a disposable, low-permeability gown, with eye and face protection if splashing is possible.
答案
B · Two pairs of chemotherapy-tested gloves and a disposable impermeable gown
People with alcohol use disorder and malnutrition are often deficient in thiamine. Giving glucose first can use up the remaining thiamine and precipitate Wernicke encephalopathy, so thiamine is usually given before or with glucose. Hypoglycemia must still be treated promptly.