II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1一度房室传导阻滞
2窦性心动过缓
3正常窦性心律
4交界性心律
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这条 II 导联心电图显示二度房室传导阻滞 I 型(文氏现象)。共有多少个每组的 P 波数,包括未下传的那一个(n:(n − 1) 阻滞中的 n)?
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
每组的 P 波数 =
13.优先排序与委派中等
A patient is receiving a blood transfusion. Which task can the nurse delegate to a nursing assistant?
AAssessing the patient for signs of a transfusion reaction
BMeasuring and reporting vital signs at the times set by the nurse
CDeciding whether to stop the transfusion if the patient has chills
DStarting the transfusion once the blood arrives
14.优先排序与委派困难
A patient taking an SSRI is also given tramadol. A few hours later the patient is agitated, sweating and has a fever, jerking muscles and brisk reflexes. What is the most likely cause?
AOpioid withdrawal
BAn anxiety attack
CNeuroleptic malignant syndrome
DSerotonin syndrome
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
下列哪种脱手套的方法是正确的?
A用裸手捏住第二只手套的外面将其脱下,然后洗手
B清洗戴着手套的手,并把手套用于下一项操作
C先捏住第一只手套的外面将其剥下,再把裸露的手指伸到第二只手套的袖口下
D用指尖同时拉下两只手套
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A patient with pneumonia has low blood pressure and a raised serum lactate. What does the raised lactate suggest?
APoor tissue perfusion, a sign of sepsis-related shock
BMild dehydration from poor intake, with no further concern
CRecovery from the infection is beginning
DA normal response to having a fever
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
一名意识清醒的患者血糖为 54 mg/dL(3.0 mmol/L),已摄入 15 g 速效碳水化合物。应在何时复测血糖?
A第二天早晨
B约 15 分钟后
C下一餐时
D约 2 小时后
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
An 82-year-old woman without a catheter has a urine culture growing bacteria, but no fever, urinary symptoms or change in mental state. What is the best interpretation?
APyelonephritis, which needs admission and IV fluids today
BAsymptomatic bacteriuria, usually not treated with antibiotics
CContamination, so the culture must be repeated every week
DA urinary tract infection that needs urgent IV antibiotics
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: D · Above waist level and in sight
为什么是这个答案
Sterile hands are kept in front of the body, above the waist and within sight, so accidental contamination is noticed. The edge of the field is not sterile.
答案
D · Above waist level and in sight
2.护理学基础
答案: A · Impaired skin integrity related to immobility, as shown by a sacral wound
为什么是这个答案
A PES statement gives the nursing problem, the related cause and the defining signs. Pneumonia is a medical diagnosis, turning is an intervention, and a cause cannot repeat the problem.
答案
A · Impaired skin integrity related to immobility, as shown by a sacral wound
3.临床护理
答案: A · Reassess the pain and any side effects once the drug has had time to work
为什么是这个答案
The effect of analgesia should be reassessed when it is expected to work, with side effects such as sedation and breathing checked. The result is documented and the plan adjusted.
答案
A · Reassess the pain and any side effects once the drug has had time to work
4.临床护理
答案: B · Arrange a professional interpreter
为什么是这个答案
Professional interpreters provide accurate, impartial translation and protect confidentiality. Children and family members should not be used for important clinical discussions such as consent.
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 34 个小格,1500 ÷ 34 ≈ 44 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 1.36 s。
3. P 波:直立,每个 QRS 之前各有一个,形态一致。
4. PR 间期:0.16 s,恒定,在 0.12–0.20 s 范围内。
5. QRS:0.06 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
窦性心动过缓
答案
窦性心动过缓
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 每组的 P 波数 = 4
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
逐个标出 P 波
P–P = 0.88 s,规则;每 4 个 P 波中有一个未下传
每组中的 PR
PR₁ = 0.20 s, PR₂ = 0.32 s, PR₃ = 0.38 s
答案
每组的 P 波数 = 4
4:3 文氏阻滞。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: B · Measuring and reporting vital signs at the times set by the nurse
为什么是这个答案
An assistant can measure vital signs and report them. Assessing for a reaction, starting the transfusion and deciding to stop it need the nurse’s judgement.
答案
B · Measuring and reporting vital signs at the times set by the nurse
14.优先排序与委派
答案: D · Serotonin syndrome
为什么是这个答案
SSRIs and tramadol both raise serotonin. Agitation, fever, clonus and hyperreflexia that start quickly suggest serotonin syndrome; neuroleptic malignant syndrome follows antipsychotics and causes rigid muscles with slow reflexes.
答案: A · Poor tissue perfusion, a sign of sepsis-related shock
为什么是这个答案
When tissues are poorly perfused, cells switch to anaerobic metabolism and lactate rises. In a patient with infection and hypotension, this points to septic shock and needs urgent treatment.
答案
A · Poor tissue perfusion, a sign of sepsis-related shock
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: B · 约 15 分钟后
为什么是这个答案
15 法则是指摄入 15 g 速效碳水化合物,15 分钟后复测,如果血糖仍低于 70 mg/dL(3.9 mmol/L)则重复。然后再吃点心或正餐有助于预防复发。
答案
B · 约 15 分钟后
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: B · Asymptomatic bacteriuria, usually not treated with antibiotics
为什么是这个答案
Asymptomatic bacteriuria is common in older adults and usually should not be treated, because treatment brings adverse effects and resistance without benefit. Exceptions include pregnancy and some urological procedures.
答案
B · Asymptomatic bacteriuria, usually not treated with antibiotics