II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
心室率 = bpm
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这条 II 导联心电图显示二度房室传导阻滞 I 型(文氏现象)。测量未下传 P 波之前最后一个下传搏动的 PR 间期(即最长的 PR),以秒为单位。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
最长的 PR = s
13.优先排序与委派中等
A patient has heart failure. Which instruction about daily weights is best to give the nursing assistant?
A“Weigh him at any time today, on whichever scale is free.”
B“Only weigh him if his ankles look more swollen than they did yesterday afternoon.”
C“Weigh him after lunch, fully dressed, with his shoes on.”
D“Weigh him each morning before breakfast, on the same scale, and tell me the result.”
14.优先排序与委派困难
Before surgery, a nurse is asked to witness a patient’s consent. The patient was given a sedative 30 minutes ago. What should the nurse do?
ANot witness the consent and inform the surgeon
BAsk a family member to sign on the patient’s behalf
CWitness it and write “sedated” beside the signature
DWitness it quickly before the sedative takes full effect
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
A patient has botulism after eating contaminated food. Which precautions are needed?
AStandard precautions
BDroplet precautions
CAirborne precautions
DContact precautions
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
护士发现患者的输液泵速率设置比处方高出十倍。患者看起来状况良好。首先应做什么?
A停止或纠正输注,然后评估患者
B等待观察是否出现任何副作用
C保持该速率,并在记录中写明发现
D询问患者是否感觉有变化,并继续输注
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient had a total thyroidectomy yesterday. Which laboratory value is most important to monitor in the first days after surgery?
ASerum potassium
BSerum sodium
CSerum calcium
DSerum glucose
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
Ten minutes into a red cell transfusion, a patient develops fever, chills, low back pain and dark urine. After stopping the transfusion, what should the nurse do next?
AKeep the IV open with normal saline using new tubing and call the provider
BDiscard the blood bag and tubing in the clinical waste to stop exposure
CFlush the remaining blood through the line with the IV fluid to finish it
DRestart the transfusion more slowly after giving an antipyretic drug
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: D · Hold a pillow firmly against the wound while coughing
为什么是这个答案
Splinting the incision with a pillow or folded towel supports the wound and reduces pain, so the patient can cough effectively and clear secretions.
答案
D · Hold a pillow firmly against the wound while coughing
2.护理学基础
答案: C · Keep taking basal insulin and check glucose and ketones more often
为什么是这个答案
Sick-day rules say people with type 1 diabetes should never stop their insulin, as illness increases glucose and the risk of ketoacidosis. Frequent testing and early advice are needed.
答案
C · Keep taking basal insulin and check glucose and ketones more often
3.临床护理
答案: A · It lowers the oncotic pressure that holds fluid in the blood vessels
为什么是这个答案
Albumin creates oncotic pressure, drawing fluid into the capillaries. When it is low, as in liver disease, nephrotic syndrome or malnutrition, fluid leaks into the tissues.
答案
A · It lowers the oncotic pressure that holds fluid in the blood vessels
4.临床护理
答案: C · Massaging the calf
为什么是这个答案
Unilateral calf swelling and tenderness suggests DVT. Massaging the leg is avoided in case it dislodges the clot; the patient needs medical review and investigation.
理想体重(Devine):男性 IBW = 50 kg + 身高超过 5 英尺(60 in)的每英寸加 2.3 kg,女性 IBW = 45.5 kg + 超过 60 in 的每英寸加 2.3 kg;1 in = 2.54 cm。该公式适用于身高至少 152.4 cm(5 ft)的成人。 危重症肥胖患者(ASPEN/SCCM 2016):BMI = 体重/身高²(kg/m²)。BMI 30–40 时蛋白质目标为每天每 kg 理想体重 2 g,BMI 40 及以上时最高为每天每 kg 理想体重 2.5 g。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
体质指数
BMI = 143/1.67² = 51.27 kg/m²
理想体重(Devine)
167 cm/2.54 = 65.75 in
IBW = 50 + 2.3·(65.75 − 60) = 63.22 kg
蛋白质目标
BMI 40 或以上:每 kg 理想体重 2.5 g。
P = 2.5·63.22 = 158.1 ≈ 158 g/天
答案
P = 158 g/天
11.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 心室率 = 100 bpm
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
扑动波
F–F = 5 个小格 = 0.20 s → 1500 ÷ 5 = 300 次/分
QRS 波群
R–R = 15 个小格 = 0.60 s → 1500 ÷ 15 = 100 次/分
传导比例 = 300 ÷ 100 = 3:1
答案
心室率 = 100 bpm
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案:最长的 PR = 0.4 s
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
答案: D · “Weigh him each morning before breakfast, on the same scale, and tell me the result.”
为什么是这个答案
Daily weights are measured at the same time, on the same scale and in similar clothing so that changes show real fluid gain. A quick rise in weight can be an early sign of worsening heart failure.
答案
D · “Weigh him each morning before breakfast, on the same scale, and tell me the result.”
14.优先排序与委派
答案: A · Not witness the consent and inform the surgeon
为什么是这个答案
Valid consent requires a patient who can understand and decide. After a sedative this may not be possible, so the nurse does not witness it and informs the surgeon, who is responsible for obtaining consent.
答案
A · Not witness the consent and inform the surgeon
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: A · Standard precautions
为什么是这个答案
Botulism is caused by a toxin and does not spread from person to person, so standard precautions are used. Suspected cases are reported to public health at once.
The parathyroid glands can be injured or removed during thyroidectomy, so parathyroid hormone falls and hypocalcemia can follow. The nurse monitors calcium and checks for tingling around the mouth, muscle cramps and Chvostek or Trousseau signs.
答案
C · Serum calcium
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: A · Keep the IV open with normal saline using new tubing and call the provider
为什么是这个答案
These signs suggest an acute hemolytic reaction. The transfusion is stopped, the line is kept open with normal saline through new tubing, the provider and blood bank are informed, and the bag, tubing and blood and urine samples are sent for testing as per policy.
答案
A · Keep the IV open with normal saline using new tubing and call the provider