这条 II 导联心电图条带显示窦性心律伴一次停顿。测量 停顿,即跨越停顿的 R–R 间期,单位为秒。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
停顿 = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这位患者装有起搏器。请解读这条 II 导联心电图条带。点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1起搏心律,夺获失败
2双腔(房室)起搏心律
3窦性心律伴宽 QRS
4心室起搏心律
13.优先排序与委派中等
A patient speaks little English, and the nurse needs to explain a new procedure. What is the best way to communicate?
AAsk the patient’s 10-year-old child to translate
BUse a professional medical interpreter
CSpeak loudly and slowly in English
DUse hand gestures and hope the patient understands
14.优先排序与委派困难
Two weeks after birth, a mother says she hears voices telling her the baby is evil. What is the priority?
AKeep the mother and baby safe and arrange urgent psychiatric care
BReassure her that this is normal “baby blues”
CLeave her alone with the baby to bond
DAdvise more sleep and book a routine follow-up visit for next month
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
A confused patient keeps pulling at an IV line. Which is a less restrictive option to consider before wrist restraints?
AUsing a vest restraint in the chair so that the patient’s hands stay down
BTying both arms to the bed frame
CCovering the site with a sleeve or using hand mitts with supervision
DGiving a sedative every few hours
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
In US nursing practice, which task should the RN not assign to an LPN/LVN?
AGiving scheduled oral antibiotics to a stable patient
BA dressing change on a healing surgical wound that has no signs of infection
CThe initial admission assessment of a new patient with suspected sepsis
DReinforcing hand hygiene teaching that the RN has already given
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient on peritoneal dialysis notices that the drained fluid is cloudy and has abdominal pain. What should the nurse do?
ARecord it as normal and continue the usual exchanges
BStop dialysis for a week and recheck the fluid later
CAdd more glucose to the next bag to clear the fluid
DSend the fluid for cell count and culture and report it
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient with acute pancreatitis has a rising BUN, a falling calcium and a glucose of 250 mg/dL (13.9 mmol/L) over the first 48 hours. What do these results suggest?
AAn unrelated new kidney stone
BIncreasingly severe pancreatitis
CA lab error from lipemic samples
DA resolving, mild pancreatitis
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: A · The fall has not happened yet, but risk factors are present
为什么是这个答案
A risk diagnosis describes a problem the patient is vulnerable to, based on risk factors, with no signs yet. Care aims to prevent the problem from occurring.
答案
A · The fall has not happened yet, but risk factors are present
2.护理学基础
答案: A · Escalate further, for example to a senior doctor or the rapid response team
为什么是这个答案
If a response is delayed and the patient deteriorates, the nurse follows the escalation policy to the next level and keeps monitoring and supporting ABCDE. Each step is documented.
答案
A · Escalate further, for example to a senior doctor or the rapid response team
3.临床护理
答案: D · Only the patient should press the button
为什么是这个答案
If the patient becomes too sedated, they stop pressing the button, which protects them. When others press it, this safety mechanism is lost and overdose can occur.
答案
D · Only the patient should press the button
4.临床护理
答案: C · "I'll drink as little as possible so I don't leak."
为什么是这个答案
Restricting fluids concentrates urine, irritates the bladder and risks dehydration and infection. Pelvic floor exercises, weight loss and reducing caffeine are recommended measures.
答案
C · "I'll drink as little as possible so I don't leak."
理想体重(Devine):男性 IBW = 50 kg + 身高超过 5 英尺(60 in)的每英寸加 2.3 kg,女性 IBW = 45.5 kg + 超过 60 in 的每英寸加 2.3 kg;1 in = 2.54 cm。该公式适用于身高至少 152.4 cm(5 ft)的成人。 危重症肥胖患者(ASPEN/SCCM 2016):BMI = 体重/身高²(kg/m²)。BMI 30–40 时蛋白质目标为每天每 kg 理想体重 2 g,BMI 40 及以上时最高为每天每 kg 理想体重 2.5 g。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
体质指数
BMI = 94/1.75² = 30.69 kg/m²
理想体重(Devine)
175 cm/2.54 = 68.9 in
IBW = 45.5 + 2.3·(68.9 − 60) = 65.96 kg
蛋白质目标
BMI 30 至不足 40:每 kg 理想体重 2 g。
P = 2·65.96 = 131.9 ≈ 132 g/天
答案
P = 132 g/天
11.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 停顿 = 1.56 s
窄 QRS 心动过速与停顿:室上性心动过速(SVT)是规则的心动过速,约 150–250 次/分钟,QRS 波群较窄;P 波通常看不到,因为它们隐藏在 QRS 波群或 T 波中。成人静息时的窦性心动过速通常低于约 150 次/分钟,且每个 QRS 前都有可见的 P 波;伴 2:1 传导的心房扑动常在约 150 次/分钟,并显示锯齿波。窦性停搏是指窦房结暂时停止发放冲动:出现既无 P 波也无 QRS 的停顿,其长度不是 P–P 周期的整数倍(恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞)。
测量
跨越停顿,从 R 波到 R 波共 39 个小格
转换
停顿 = 39 × 0.04 s = 1.56 s
与 P–P 比较
1.56 ÷ 0.96 ≈ 1.6 个 P–P 周期,不是整数
答案
停顿 = 1.56 s
停顿中没有出现 P 波,且停顿不是 P–P 周期的整数倍:窦性停搏。恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞。
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 心室起搏心律
起搏心律:起搏器脉冲表现为一条细而垂直的起搏钉样信号。心室钉样信号之后的 QRS 是增宽的(0.12 s 或以上),因为冲动是从导线经心肌传播,而不是经传导系统;右心室起搏时,在 II 导联上通常以负向为主。P 波之前的钉样信号表示心房起搏;双腔(房室)起搏器则表现为心房钉样信号加 P 波,再经过程控的房室延迟,出现心室钉样信号和增宽的 QRS。夺获是指每个钉样信号之后都跟着一次除极。夺获失败是指钉样信号之后没有 P 波或 QRS;感知不良(钉样信号无视患者自己的心搏)和起搏不良(该出现钉样信号时没有)是另外两种典型的故障。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 25 个小格,1500 ÷ 25 ≈ 60 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 1.00 s。
3. P 波:看不到;每个 QRS 之前都有一个尖锐的起搏钉样信号。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:0.14 s,增宽,每个起搏钉样信号之后都跟着一个 QRS(夺获)。
解读
心室起搏心律
答案
心室起搏心律
起搏产生的 QRS 本来就是增宽的;不要称它为束支传导阻滞或室性心律。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: B · Use a professional medical interpreter
为什么是这个答案
Professional interpreters give accurate, confidential translation of medical information. Family members, especially children, may leave things out and should not be used for important explanations.
答案
B · Use a professional medical interpreter
14.优先排序与委派
答案: A · Keep the mother and baby safe and arrange urgent psychiatric care
为什么是这个答案
Hallucinations and delusions after birth suggest postpartum psychosis, a psychiatric emergency with risk to mother and baby. Safety and urgent specialist care are the priorities.
答案
A · Keep the mother and baby safe and arrange urgent psychiatric care
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · Covering the site with a sleeve or using hand mitts with supervision
为什么是这个答案
Covering the line, keeping it out of view and using mitts while observing the patient can stop pulling without fully restricting movement. Restraints and sedation are used only if these fail.
答案
C · Covering the site with a sleeve or using hand mitts with supervision
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · The initial admission assessment of a new patient with suspected sepsis
为什么是这个答案
The initial assessment of a new, potentially unstable patient is an RN responsibility. LPNs/LVNs can give routine medications, perform routine procedures and reinforce teaching for stable patients.
答案
C · The initial admission assessment of a new patient with suspected sepsis
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: D · Send the fluid for cell count and culture and report it
为什么是这个答案
Cloudy effluent with abdominal pain suggests peritonitis, the main serious complication of peritoneal dialysis. A sample is sent for white cell count, Gram stain and culture, and antibiotics (often given in the dialysis fluid) are started as prescribed.核对依据:Dialysis - peritoneal · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案
D · Send the fluid for cell count and culture and report it
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: B · Increasingly severe pancreatitis
为什么是这个答案
Rising BUN (fluid loss and kidney injury), low calcium and hyperglycemia are markers of more severe pancreatitis in scoring systems. The nurse monitors fluid balance, vital signs and organ function closely and reports deterioration.核对依据:Acute pancreatitis · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)