Why should the same pain scale be used each time a patient's pain is assessed?
ASo the patient learns the right answer to give
BBecause only one scale is valid for adults
CSo scores can be compared to see whether pain is improving
DBecause using different pain scales on one patient is against the law
2.护理学基础困难
A patient with type 1 diabetes is vomiting and not eating. Which advice is correct?
AKeep taking basal insulin and check glucose and ketones more often
BHalve every dose and stop testing the glucose
CStop all insulin until eating normally again
DDrink only sugar-free fluids and stop testing for ketones until better
3.临床护理中等
How should a nurse communicate with a patient who has impaired hearing?
AShout loudly from the end of the bed so they can hear
BTalk to the patient's relative instead of to the patient directly
CFace the patient, speak clearly and reduce background noise
DSpeak very quickly to save time
4.临床护理困难
A patient suddenly develops a severe "worst ever" headache that reached full intensity within seconds, followed by vomiting and neck stiffness. What should be suspected?
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QTc = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
识别这条 II 导联心电图上的节律。点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1尖端扭转型室性心动过速
2心房扑动,2:1 传导
3心室颤动
4室性自搏心律
13.优先排序与委派中等
一名稳定的成人腹痛,生命体征正常。他们将需要血液检查和 CT 扫描。哪个 ESI 级别合适?
A4 级
B1 级
C3 级
D5 级
14.优先排序与委派困难
A charge nurse notices that a nurse smells of alcohol and is slurring words at the start of the shift. What is the priority?
AWait until the end of the shift and then discuss the concern with the nurse privately
BLet the nurse work, but only with stable patients
CRemove the nurse from patient care and report it according to policy
DAsk the nurse to drink coffee and then start work
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
Before inserting a peripheral IV, the nurse cleans the skin with chlorhexidine-alcohol. What should the nurse do next?
ALet it dry fully and do not touch the site again
BWipe it off with a dry gauze straight away
CFeel for the vein again with an ungloved finger
DBlow on the site so it dries faster
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A nurse teaches parents about firearm safety at home. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A“We keep the gun loaded in the nightstand, and the children know not to touch it.”
B“We will ask other parents about guns before play dates.”
C“We keep all the ammunition locked away separately from the gun.”
D“We store the gun unloaded in a locked safe in the bedroom.”
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
How should a blood sample for serum ammonia be handled?
APlaced on ice and sent to the laboratory at once
BLeft at room temperature for several hours first
CKept warm and sent with the next routine batch
DShaken firmly to mix it before it is sent away
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient with long-term heavy alcohol use is admitted with alcohol withdrawal. Which group of electrolyte problems is most common?
AHigh magnesium, high phosphate and high potassium
BLow chloride, high bicarbonate and high calcium
CLow magnesium, low phosphate and low potassium
DHigh sodium, high calcium and high glucose
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: C · So scores can be compared to see whether pain is improving
为什么是这个答案
Using one tool consistently lets the team see trends and judge whether treatment works. The tool chosen should suit the patient's age and ability to communicate.
答案
C · So scores can be compared to see whether pain is improving
2.护理学基础
答案: A · Keep taking basal insulin and check glucose and ketones more often
为什么是这个答案
Sick-day rules say people with type 1 diabetes should never stop their insulin, as illness increases glucose and the risk of ketoacidosis. Frequent testing and early advice are needed.
答案
A · Keep taking basal insulin and check glucose and ketones more often
3.临床护理
答案: C · Face the patient, speak clearly and reduce background noise
为什么是这个答案
Facing the patient in good light, speaking clearly at a normal pace, checking hearing aids and reducing noise improves communication. Written information can also help.
答案
C · Face the patient, speak clearly and reduce background noise
4.临床护理
答案: B · Subarachnoid haemorrhage
为什么是这个答案
A sudden thunderclap headache suggests bleeding into the subarachnoid space, often from a ruptured aneurysm. It needs an urgent CT scan and neurosurgical input.
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 10.5 × 0.04 = 0.42 s
RR = 17 × 0.04 = 0.68 s
Bazett 公式
QTc = 0.42/√0.68 = 0.42/0.8246 = 0.509 s
答案
QTc = 0.509 s
高于 0.50 s:明显延长。(509 ms)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 尖端扭转型室性心动过速
更多室性心律:尖端扭转型室性心动过速是一种多形性室性心动过速,通常为 150–250 次/分钟,其增宽的波群高度不断变化并围绕基线扭转,先向上几个心搏,再向下。教科书将其与 QT 间期延长联系起来,复苏指南中针对它推荐的药物是硫酸镁。室性自搏心律是一种心室逸搏心律:规则、QRS 增宽(0.12 s 或以上)、无 P 波,频率 20–40 次/分钟(加速性室性自搏心律为 40–100 次/分钟)。单形性室速的增宽波群完全相同,频率超过 100 次/分钟。室颤则是混乱的,没有任何重复的波群。
五个步骤
1. 心率:非常快,各波群相隔约 6 个小格(约 250 次/分钟)。
2. 节律:快且大致规则,但波群的高度和方向呈重复的纺锤形变化。
3. P 波:无法辨认。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:增宽且多形性;波群围绕基线扭转,先向上几个心搏,再向下。
解读
尖端扭转型室性心动过速
答案
尖端扭转型室性心动过速
尖端扭转型室性心动过速是与 QT 间期延长相关的多形性 VT。这里只是识别练习。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: C · 3 级
为什么是这个答案
血液检查(一种资源)加 CT 扫描(第二种资源)共两种资源,当生命体征可接受时为 ESI 3 级。
答案
C · 3 级
14.优先排序与委派
答案: C · Remove the nurse from patient care and report it according to policy
为什么是这个答案
A nurse who appears impaired must not care for patients. The charge nurse removes them from duty and follows policy for reporting; support, such as an assistance program, can follow.
答案
C · Remove the nurse from patient care and report it according to policy
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: A · Let it dry fully and do not touch the site again
为什么是这个答案
Chlorhexidine-alcohol must dry completely to kill organisms effectively. Touching the site after cleaning contaminates it, so the vein is located before prepping or with a sterile glove.
答案
A · Let it dry fully and do not touch the site again
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: A · “We keep the gun loaded in the nightstand, and the children know not to touch it.”
为什么是这个答案
Firearms in homes with children should be stored unloaded and locked, with ammunition stored separately and locked. Telling children not to touch a gun does not reliably prevent injuries.
答案
A · “We keep the gun loaded in the nightstand, and the children know not to touch it.”
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: A · Placed on ice and sent to the laboratory at once
为什么是这个答案
Ammonia can rise in a standing sample as red cells and proteins break down. The sample is usually placed on ice and analyzed promptly to avoid a falsely high result.
答案
A · Placed on ice and sent to the laboratory at once
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: C · Low magnesium, low phosphate and low potassium
为什么是这个答案
Poor diet, vomiting, diarrhea and alcohol's effect on the kidneys commonly cause low magnesium, phosphate and potassium. These worsen arrhythmia and seizure risk, so they are checked and replaced, together with thiamine.
答案
C · Low magnesium, low phosphate and low potassium