练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 在 24 小时内,一位患者接受 1500 mL 肠外营养,终浓度为 20% 葡萄糖和 4.25% 氨基酸,另加 500 mL 20% 脂肪乳(2 kcal/mL)。 求患者获得的总热量E(kcal/天)。 取整到最接近的整数。
1500 mL葡萄糖 20%氨基酸 4.25%脂肪 500 mL · 2 kcal/mL
E = kcal/天
11.心电图节律条带解读中等
解读这条 II 导联心律条带。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1窦性心动过缓
2一度房室传导阻滞
3窦性心动过速
4正常窦性心律
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这条 II 导联心电图显示二度房室传导阻滞 I 型(文氏现象)。测量未下传 P 波之前最后一个下传搏动的 PR 间期(即最长的 PR),以秒为单位。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
最长的 PR = s
13.优先排序与委派中等
A patient coughs hard after abdominal surgery, and loops of bowel appear through the opened wound. What does the nurse do first?
APush the bowel gently back into the abdomen with a gloved hand
BCover the wound with sterile dressings moistened with saline
CLeave the wound uncovered so the surgeon can see it on arrival
DHelp the patient walk to the toilet to relieve abdominal pressure
14.优先排序与委派困难
During an infusion of a thrombolytic drug for stroke, the patient develops a severe headache and starts vomiting. What should the nurse do first?
AGive a dose of aspirin for the headache
BStop the infusion and inform the provider at once
CContinue the infusion, because headache is expected
DSlow the infusion and give an antiemetic as prescribed
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
When is a prophylactic antibiotic usually given to prevent a surgical site infection?
AThe day after surgery, once the wound is closed
BWithin about 60 minutes before the incision
COne week before surgery
DOnly if a fever develops after surgery
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
Which patient should the nurse assess first?
AA patient with an MRSA wound due for a routine dressing change
BA patient who wants more alcohol hand rub in the room
CA patient on chemotherapy with a new temperature of 38.4 °C (101.1 °F)
DA patient with tuberculosis who is asking to have visitors
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A blood sample drawn just after a patient ate a fatty meal is reported as "lipemic." What does this mean for the results?
AThe results are more accurate than in a fasting sample
BThe sample shows the patient has diabetic ketoacidosis
CHigh fat in the sample may interfere with some test results
DThe sample was contaminated by an IV fluid with dextrose
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient with acute kidney injury after severe dehydration has a rising creatinine. Which urine findings support a prerenal cause rather than acute tubular necrosis (ATN)?
ARed cell casts with heavy protein loss in the urine
BLow urine sodium and concentrated urine with a high specific gravity
CWhite cell casts with positive nitrites on the dipstick
DHigh urine sodium and dilute urine with muddy brown granular casts
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: D · The cannula site for signs of phlebitis
为什么是这个答案
The VIP score grades pain, redness, swelling and hardening along the vein. A rising score tells the nurse when the cannula must be removed.
答案
D · The cannula site for signs of phlebitis
2.护理学基础
答案: C · Take it out of use, label it as faulty and report it
为什么是这个答案
Damaged electrical equipment can cause shocks or fires. It is removed from use, clearly labelled and reported for repair, and a safe replacement is found.
答案
C · Take it out of use, label it as faulty and report it
3.临床护理
答案: A · Frequent mouth care that keeps the lips and mouth moist
为什么是这个答案
Regular mouth care with moist swabs, water sprays and lip balm relieves a dry mouth in the last days of life. Families can be shown how to help.
答案
A · Frequent mouth care that keeps the lips and mouth moist
4.临床护理
答案: B · Type 1 respiratory failure
为什么是这个答案
Type 1 respiratory failure is hypoxaemia without hypercapnia, as in pneumonia or pulmonary embolism. Type 2 includes a raised PaCO2 from inadequate ventilation, as in COPD exacerbations.
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 19 个小格,1500 ÷ 19 ≈ 79 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.76 s。
3. P 波:直立,每个 QRS 之前各有一个,形态一致。
4. PR 间期:0.32 s,恒定,长于 0.20 s。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
一度房室传导阻滞
答案
一度房室传导阻滞
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案:最长的 PR = 0.32 s
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
答案: B · Cover the wound with sterile dressings moistened with saline
为什么是这个答案
Evisceration is a surgical emergency. The nurse covers the organs with sterile saline-moistened dressings, stays with the patient, positions them to reduce strain and calls the surgeon at once.
答案
B · Cover the wound with sterile dressings moistened with saline
14.优先排序与委派
答案: B · Stop the infusion and inform the provider at once
为什么是这个答案
A new severe headache, vomiting or neurological decline during thrombolysis can mean intracranial bleeding. The infusion is stopped, the provider informed and an urgent scan arranged.
答案
B · Stop the infusion and inform the provider at once
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: B · Within about 60 minutes before the incision
为什么是这个答案
For most drugs, prophylaxis is given within 60 minutes before the incision so tissue levels are high during surgery. Some drugs, such as vancomycin, start earlier because they are infused over longer.
答案
B · Within about 60 minutes before the incision
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · A patient on chemotherapy with a new temperature of 38.4 °C (101.1 °F)
为什么是这个答案
Fever in a patient who may be neutropenic can be the first sign of sepsis and needs urgent assessment. The other needs are real but stable and can wait a short time.
答案
C · A patient on chemotherapy with a new temperature of 38.4 °C (101.1 °F)
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: C · High fat in the sample may interfere with some test results
为什么是这个答案
Lipemia makes serum cloudy and can interfere with several laboratory methods, giving inaccurate results. The test may need to be repeated, often after a fast, according to laboratory advice.
答案
C · High fat in the sample may interfere with some test results
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: B · Low urine sodium and concentrated urine with a high specific gravity
为什么是这个答案
In prerenal AKI the tubules are intact, so they keep sodium and water, giving a low urine sodium and concentrated urine. In ATN the damaged tubules cannot do this, so urine sodium is high, the urine is dilute and muddy brown casts appear.核对依据:Urine specific gravity test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案
B · Low urine sodium and concentrated urine with a high specific gravity