Before discharge, what is most important to confirm about the patient's new medicines?
AThat they know the price of each medicine and where to buy it
BThat they know which company makes each drug
CThat they know the chemical name of each drug
DThat they know how and when to take them and what to report
2.护理学基础困难
Two days after surgery a patient has a temperature of 37.9 °C and reduced breath sounds at the lung bases. What is the most helpful nursing action, alongside reporting it?
AKeep the patient lying flat in bed so they can rest and save energy
BEncourage deep breathing, coughing and getting out of bed
CRestrict all fluids to dry the secretions
DStop all pain relief so the patient stays alert
3.临床护理中等
Which adverse effects should be monitored for in a patient receiving IV gentamicin?
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QTc = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这条 II 导联心电图显示心房与心室之间存在传导问题。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1一度房室传导阻滞
2二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
3三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
4二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
13.优先排序与委派中等
Which action helps prevent a catheter-associated urinary tract infection?
ADisconnecting the bag every shift to empty it
BKeeping the drainage bag below the level of the bladder
CRaising the drainage bag above the bladder when walking
DLeaving the catheter in place longer than needed
14.优先排序与委派困难
A chemical cleaning fluid splashes into a patient’s eye. What should the nurse do first?
ACover the eye with a dry patch and wait for the provider
BGive antibiotic eye drops first
CRub the eye gently with a clean tissue to remove the chemical
DFlush the eye with plenty of water or saline straight away
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
腕部约束带应松紧到什么程度?
A尽可能紧,使患者无法活动手臂
B松到患者的手可以滑出
C松紧度以约束带与皮肤之间能插入两根手指为宜
D紧到使腕部脉搏变慢
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A nurse teaches parents of a toddler about drowning prevention. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A“I empty buckets of water as soon as I have used them.”
B“I stay within arm’s reach of my child whenever we are near any water.”
C“We keep the gate in the pool fence closed and locked at all times.”
D“I can leave my 2-year-old in the bath for a minute if the water is shallow.”
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
为什么肝衰竭患者即使没有服用华法林,INR 也可能升高?
A肝脏合成大多数凝血因子,因此合成减少
B胆红素直接破坏凝血因子
C肾脏不再从血液中清除凝血因子
D白蛋白是一种凝血因子,其水平下降
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
一名新发深静脉血栓的患者正在使用肝素输注,华法林刚开始使用。为什么肝素要持续使用数日?
A肝素增加华法林在肠道的吸收
B只有同时给予肝素,华法林才起作用
C肝素预防华法林的副作用
D华法林需要数日才能达到完全的抗凝效果
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: D · That they know how and when to take them and what to report
为什么是这个答案
Safe discharge needs the patient or carer to understand dose, timing, purpose and important side effects. Teach-back and written information help confirm this.
答案
D · That they know how and when to take them and what to report
2.护理学基础
答案: B · Encourage deep breathing, coughing and getting out of bed
为什么是这个答案
These signs suggest atelectasis or early chest infection. Deep breathing, coughing, adequate pain relief and mobilisation help re-expand the lungs.
答案
B · Encourage deep breathing, coughing and getting out of bed
3.临床护理
答案: A · Kidney damage and hearing loss
为什么是这个答案
Gentamicin is nephrotoxic and ototoxic. Blood levels and renal function are monitored, and any tinnitus, dizziness or hearing change is reported.
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
QT = 11.5 × 0.04 = 0.46 s
RR = 22 × 0.04 = 0.88 s
Bazett 公式
QTc = 0.46/√0.88 = 0.46/0.9381 = 0.49 s
答案
QTc = 0.49 s
超过男性(约 0.45 s)和女性(约 0.46 s)的通常上限:延长。(490 ms)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
五个步骤
1. 心率:6 秒内有 6 个 QRS 波群,× 10 = 60 次/分。
2. 节律:P 波规则;R–R 规则,只有一处因缺少 QRS 而出现长暂停。
3. P 波:直立且规则(P–P 0.72 s,83 次/分);每 4 个 P 波中有一个后面没有 QRS。
4. PR 间期:下传的搏动中恒定为 0.24 s。
5. QRS:0.12 s,增宽(0.12 s 或以上)。
解读
二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
答案
二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
II 型和三度阻滞可能突然进展,所以教科书将它们列为比 I 型更严重。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: B · Keeping the drainage bag below the level of the bladder
为什么是这个答案
Keeping the bag below the bladder prevents backflow, and the closed system is not broken. Catheters are removed as soon as they are no longer needed.
答案
B · Keeping the drainage bag below the level of the bladder
14.优先排序与委派
答案: D · Flush the eye with plenty of water or saline straight away
为什么是这个答案
Chemical eye injuries are treated by immediate, continuous irrigation with large amounts of water or saline. Delay, rubbing or a patch allows more damage.
答案
D · Flush the eye with plenty of water or saline straight away
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · 松紧度以约束带与皮肤之间能插入两根手指为宜
为什么是这个答案
能在约束带下插入两根手指,既能保证固定,又不会阻断血液循环或损伤皮肤。应经常检查循环、感觉和皮肤。
答案
C · 松紧度以约束带与皮肤之间能插入两根手指为宜
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: D · “I can leave my 2-year-old in the bath for a minute if the water is shallow.”
为什么是这个答案
A toddler should never be left alone in the bath, even for a moment and even in shallow water. Fencing pools, constant close supervision and emptying containers are correct.
答案
D · “I can leave my 2-year-old in the bath for a minute if the water is shallow.”
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: A · 肝脏合成大多数凝血因子,因此合成减少
为什么是这个答案
肝脏合成大多数凝血因子,包括依赖维生素 K 的因子。在严重肝病中,它们的合成减少,因此 INR 升高。INR 升高是反映肝衰竭严重程度的指标之一。
答案
A · 肝脏合成大多数凝血因子,因此合成减少
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: D · 华法林需要数日才能达到完全的抗凝效果
为什么是这个答案
华法林阻断新的依赖维生素 K 的凝血因子的合成,但现有的因子可持续数日。因此肝素要重叠使用,直到 INR 在目标范围内,通常至少 24 小时,并且至少约 5 天之后。