II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1窦性心动过缓
2心房颤动
3交界性心律
4一度房室传导阻滞
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
依次按五个步骤解读这条 II 导联心电图:心率、节律、P 波、PR 间期、QRS 时限。你在哪一步发现第一个异常?点击它。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1折旧率
2节律
3P 波
4PR 间期
5QRS 时限
13.优先排序与委派中等
A nurse has given rapid-acting insulin, and then learns that the patient’s meal tray will be 45 minutes late. What should the nurse do?
AGet the patient some carbohydrate food now and check the glucose
BTell the patient to wait and do nothing until the tray comes
CGive a second, smaller dose of insulin when the meal tray finally arrives
DAsk the patient to walk around the ward until the food arrives
14.优先排序与委派困难
在外科病房,护士应首先看哪位术后患者?
A颈动脉内膜切除术后 6 小时:颈部肿胀加重,诉吞咽困难
B结肠造口术后 2 天:造口湿润呈粉红色,排出量少
C前列腺手术后行膀胱冲洗:尿液呈淡粉色,无血块
D髋关节置换术后 2 天:活动时疼痛 5/10,1 小时前已给过镇痛药
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
How are neuromuscular blocking drugs, such as vecuronium, safely stored?
AIn the general stock cupboard with the other IV drugs and no special labels
BNext to common IV antibiotics so they are easy to find
CSeparate from other drugs, with a warning that they cause paralysis
DMixed in the same bin as other high-use drugs
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A toddler has bruises of different ages and a burn, and the parent’s explanation does not fit the injuries. What should the nurse do?
AConfront the parent and ask them to admit to abuse
BWait until there is clear proof of abuse before reporting anything at all
CDocument only and say nothing to anyone
DReport the concern following child-protection (safeguarding) procedures
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient had a right mastectomy with removal of axillary lymph nodes. Where is the best place to draw blood?
AThe right arm
BThe left arm
CEither arm equally
DThe right hand
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
为什么对于两周前接受大量输血的患者,HbA1c 结果可能有误导性?
AHbA1c 在任何情况下都是准确的
B许多红细胞是供者的细胞,未曾接触该患者的葡萄糖
C输血总是使 HbA1c 假性升高
DHbA1c 测量的是白细胞上的糖,而不是红细胞
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: A · To stop the airways and secretions from drying out
为什么是这个答案
Dry gas at high flow dries the mucous membranes and thickens secretions. Humidification keeps the airways moist and secretions easier to clear.
答案
A · To stop the airways and secretions from drying out
2.护理学基础
答案: C · 评估患者情况,告知开具医嘱者,并通过不良事件系统上报
为什么是这个答案
评估并监测患者,告知负责的临床医生,上报事件,并对患者坦诚。绝不能为掩盖差错而修改记录。
答案
C · 评估患者情况,告知开具医嘱者,并通过不良事件系统上报
3.临床护理
答案: D · 地高辛中毒
为什么是这个答案
地高辛中毒会引起恶心、呕吐、心动过缓、心律失常和视觉障碍。低钾会增加风险。应暂停给药并报告。
答案
D · 地高辛中毒
4.临床护理
答案: D · Intramuscular injection into the anterolateral thigh
为什么是这个答案
IM adrenaline into the outer thigh is absorbed quickly and is the first-line route. IV adrenaline is reserved for experienced specialists with full monitoring because of the risk of arrhythmias.
答案
D · Intramuscular injection into the anterolateral thigh
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 29 个小格,1500 ÷ 29 ≈ 52 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 1.16 s。
3. P 波:看不到。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:0.10 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
交界性心律
答案
交界性心律
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: PR 间期
每条心电图的五个步骤:1. 心率(300 法或 1500 法;若不规则则用 6 秒法);2. 节律:R–R 间期是否相等;3. P 波:是否存在、在 II 导联直立、每个 QRS 之前各有一个且形态一致;4. PR 间期:0.12–0.20 s 且恒定;5. QRS 时限:低于 0.12 s。五个步骤做完之后才命名节律。正常窦性心律五项全部符合:60–100 次/分,规则,每个 QRS 之前有直立 P 波,PR 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 低于 0.12 s。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 20 个小格,1500 ÷ 20 ≈ 75 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.80 s。
3. P 波:直立,每个 QRS 之前各有一个,形态一致。
4. PR 间期:0.32 s,恒定,长于 0.20 s。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
第一个异常的步骤
PR 间期 → 一度房室传导阻滞
答案
PR 间期
13.优先排序与委派
答案: A · Get the patient some carbohydrate food now and check the glucose
为什么是这个答案
Rapid-acting insulin starts working within minutes, so a long delay before eating risks hypoglycemia. The nurse arranges food or carbohydrate now and monitors the glucose.
答案
A · Get the patient some carbohydrate food now and check the glucose
答案: C · Separate from other drugs, with a warning that they cause paralysis
为什么是这个答案
Neuromuscular blockers stop breathing. They are stored apart from other drugs, often in sealed or colored containers with warnings such as “Paralyzing agent: causes respiratory arrest”.
答案
C · Separate from other drugs, with a warning that they cause paralysis
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: D · Report the concern following child-protection (safeguarding) procedures
为什么是这个答案
Injuries that do not match the history must be reported, and proof is not needed. In the US, nurses are legally mandated reporters; in the UK and many other countries, safeguarding procedures require the concern to be referred to the designated lead or children’s social care. The child’s safety is ensured and the findings are documented factually.
答案
D · Report the concern following child-protection (safeguarding) procedures
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: B · The left arm
为什么是这个答案
After axillary node removal, venipuncture and blood pressure readings are usually avoided on that side to reduce the risk of lymphedema and infection. The opposite arm is used whenever possible, according to policy.