答案: B · Inform the surgeon so consent can be discussed again before surgery
为什么是这个答案
Consent is valid only if the patient understands the procedure, risks and alternatives. The nurse advocates for the patient and asks the person doing the procedure to discuss it again.
答案
B · Inform the surgeon so consent can be discussed again before surgery
3.临床护理
答案: C · To prevent urine flowing back into the bladder
为什么是这个答案
Keeping the bag below the bladder allows drainage and prevents backflow, which reduces infection risk. The bag should also not touch the floor.
答案
C · To prevent urine flowing back into the bladder
4.临床护理
答案: B · Airway swelling from inhalation injury
为什么是这个答案
These signs suggest inhalation injury, which can cause rapid airway swelling and obstruction. Early senior anaesthetic review is needed, as early intubation may be required. Carbon monoxide poisoning must also be considered.
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
从 QRS 起点到 T 波终点共 9 个小格
转换
QT = 9 × 0.04 s = 0.36 s
答案
QT = 0.36 s
粗略的规则:在正常心率下,QT 应小于 R–R 间期的一半(此处 R–R = 0.64 s)。
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 心室颤动
室性节律:室性心动过速是连续三个或以上宽大(0.12 s 或以上)的波群,频率超过 100 次/分,通常为 150–250 次/分,节律规则,没有相关的 P 波。心室颤动是紊乱、不规则的波形,无法辨认 P 波、QRS 波群或 T 波,也没有可计数的频率。心脏停搏是几乎平直的线,没有心室活动;平直线一定要通过检查患者、导联和增益并换一个导联来确认。在复苏指南中,室颤和无脉性室速是可电击心律,心脏停搏则不是。
五个步骤
1. 心率:没有可计数的心室率。
2. 节律:紊乱,没有重复的规律。
3. P 波:无法辨认。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:没有 QRS 波群。
解读
心室颤动
答案
心室颤动
在复苏指南中,室颤和无脉性室速是可电击心律。这里只是识别练习。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: B · Pain out of proportion to the injury that worsens when the toes are stretched
为什么是这个答案
The earliest sign is severe pain that is not relieved by usual analgesia and worsens on passive stretch. Loss of pulse is a late sign, so the nurse reports pain early.
答案
B · Pain out of proportion to the injury that worsens when the toes are stretched
14.优先排序与委派
答案: A · Restlessness and a rising heart rate while the blood pressure is still normal
为什么是这个答案
In early shock, the body keeps the blood pressure up by raising the heart rate and narrowing vessels, so restlessness and tachycardia appear first. A falling blood pressure is a later sign.
答案
A · Restlessness and a rising heart rate while the blood pressure is still normal
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: D · Write it down, read it back to confirm and report it to the provider promptly
为什么是这个答案
Writing down and reading back critical results confirms they were heard correctly. The nurse then reports them promptly to the responsible provider and documents who was told and when.
答案
D · Write it down, read it back to confirm and report it to the provider promptly
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · “I can share towels with my family if I wash them every week.”
为什么是这个答案
MRSA spreads by direct contact and shared items, so towels, razors and linen should not be shared. Hand hygiene, covering the wound and bagging dressings are correct.
答案
C · “I can share towels with my family if I wash them every week.”
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: B · Anti-HBs of 10 mIU/mL or more
为什么是这个答案
An anti-HBs level of at least 10 mIU/mL after vaccination indicates protection. HBsAg and IgM anti-HBc indicate infection, not immunity. Health care workers are often tested after vaccination.核对依据:Hepatitis virus panel · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)