Which response is an example of false reassurance?
A"What are you most concerned about?"
B"Don't worry, everything will be fine."
C"You seem worried. Would you like to talk about it?"
D"I can see this is hard for you."
2.护理学基础困难
While counting an apical pulse, the nurse finds the rhythm is irregularly irregular and the radial rate is lower than the apical rate. Which rhythm is most likely?
ASinus bradycardia
BSinus tachycardia
CNormal sinus rhythm
DAtrial fibrillation
3.临床护理中等
What should a patient be told before using sublingual glyceryl trinitrate (GTN, nitroglycerin) spray for angina?
ASit down before using it, as it can cause dizziness and low blood pressure
BUse it only after the pain has lasted over an hour, with the patient lying flat
CTake it with a large glass of milk to protect the stomach lining
DSwallow the spray rather than leaving it under the tongue
4.临床护理困难
A patient has sudden, severe "tearing" chest pain going through to the back and a large difference in blood pressure between the arms. What should be suspected?
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1心房扑动,4:1 传导
2心房颤动
3心房扑动,2:1 传导
4窦性心动过速
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这条 II 导联心电图显示心房与心室之间存在传导问题。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
2三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
3二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
4一度房室传导阻滞
13.优先排序与委派中等
A nurse teaches a patient with heart failure. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A“I will take my water tablet in the morning.”
B“I add extra salt to my food so it tastes better.”
C“I will call if my weight goes up quickly over a day or two.”
D“I will weigh myself every morning after I use the toilet.”
14.优先排序与委派困难
A patient has a new spinal cord injury at C4. Which assessment is the priority?
AAbility to feed themselves
BBowel sounds in all four abdominal quadrants
CBreathing effort and ability to cough
DSkin over the sacrum and heels
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
Why is “QD” (once daily) on The Joint Commission’s “Do Not Use” list?
AIt can be misread as QID or QOD, so the drug is given too often or too rarely
BIt is only allowed for intravenous medicines
CIt means “every day at bedtime” in some hospitals
DIt is a Latin abbreviation, and only plain English abbreviations may be used
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A patient asks for a pain tablet. The record shows none has been given, but the patient says, “The other nurse gave me one earlier.” What should the nurse do?
AGive half a tablet now, to be safe, and the other half later if needed
BGive the tablet, because the record shows none was given
CCheck with the other nurse and the records before giving another dose
False reassurance dismisses the patient's feelings and promises something the nurse cannot know. Acknowledging the worry and exploring it is more helpful.
答案
B · "Don't worry, everything will be fine."
2.护理学基础
答案: D · Atrial fibrillation
为什么是这个答案
Atrial fibrillation gives an irregularly irregular pulse, and some beats are too weak to be felt at the wrist, causing a pulse deficit. It should be reported and confirmed with an ECG.
答案
D · Atrial fibrillation
3.临床护理
答案: A · Sit down before using it, as it can cause dizziness and low blood pressure
为什么是这个答案
GTN causes vasodilation, which can lead to headache, flushing, dizziness and hypotension. Patients should sit, and seek emergency help if the pain does not settle after the advised doses.
答案
A · Sit down before using it, as it can cause dizziness and low blood pressure
4.临床护理
答案: C · Aortic dissection
为什么是这个答案
Aortic dissection classically causes abrupt, tearing pain radiating to the back, with unequal arm pulses or pressures. It is a surgical emergency, and thrombolysis must not be given.
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 10 个小格,1500 ÷ 10 ≈ 150 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.40 s。
3. P 波:无;每 0.20 s 出现规则的锯齿状扑动波(300 次/分),每个 QRS 对应 2 个。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:0.10 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
心房扑动,2:1 传导
答案
心房扑动,2:1 传导
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 35 个小格,1500 ÷ 35 ≈ 43 次/分。
2. 节律:R–R 规则(1.40 s),P–P 规则(0.60 s),但二者互相独立。
3. P 波:直立且规则,为 100 次/分,但与 QRS 波群无关联;有些藏在 QRS 或 T 波中。
4. PR 间期:逐搏变化;没有固定关系。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
答案
三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
II 型和三度阻滞可能突然进展,所以教科书将它们列为比 I 型更严重。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: B · “I add extra salt to my food so it tastes better.”
为什么是这个答案
Salt causes fluid retention and can worsen heart failure. Daily weights, reporting rapid weight gain and taking diuretics in the morning are all correct.
答案
B · “I add extra salt to my food so it tastes better.”
14.优先排序与委派
答案: C · Breathing effort and ability to cough
为什么是这个答案
Injuries at C3–C5 can affect the phrenic nerve and diaphragm, so breathing may fail. Respiratory function is monitored closely, and the patient may need ventilatory support.
答案
C · Breathing effort and ability to cough
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: A · It can be misread as QID or QOD, so the drug is given too often or too rarely
为什么是这个答案
“QD” and “QOD” can be confused with each other and with “QID”, leading to serious dosing errors. The word “daily” or “every other day” is written in full instead.
答案
A · It can be misread as QID or QOD, so the drug is given too often or too rarely
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · Check with the other nurse and the records before giving another dose
为什么是这个答案
Undocumented doses can lead to double dosing. The nurse checks with colleagues and the dispensing records, then gives the drug only once it is clear whether a dose was given.
答案
C · Check with the other nurse and the records before giving another dose