AWhen contact with blood, body fluids or broken skin is expected
BOnly when handling medicines
COnly when the patient is known to have an infection
DFor every patient contact, including taking a pulse or blood pressure
2.护理学基础困难
While counting an apical pulse, the nurse finds the rhythm is irregularly irregular and the radial rate is lower than the apical rate. Which rhythm is most likely?
AAtrial fibrillation
BNormal sinus rhythm
CSinus tachycardia
DSinus bradycardia
3.临床护理中等
A patient on the ward has shingles with open blisters. Which people are most at risk from contact?
APeople who have already had chickenpox in childhood and are now healthy
BNo one, because shingles cannot spread
CPregnant women and immunocompromised people who have not had chickenpox
DOnly people over 80 who have already had shingles themselves
4.临床护理困难
A postoperative patient on IV fluids has a sodium of 128 mmol/L and is becoming confused. Which fluid could make this worse if given in large amounts?
A5% glucose (D5W)
BHuman albumin solution
CHartmann's solution (similar to lactated Ringer's)
这条 II 导联心电图条带显示窦性心律伴一次停顿。测量 停顿,即跨越停顿的 R–R 间期,单位为秒。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
停顿 = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这位患者装有起搏器。请解读这条 II 导联心电图条带。点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1双腔(房室)起搏心律
2起搏心律,夺获失败
3窦性心律伴宽 QRS
4三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞
13.优先排序与委派中等
Which SBAR recommendation is the clearest?
A“I will keep watching him and call again tomorrow.”
B“I just wanted to let you know about him.”
C“He seems a bit off tonight, so maybe you could come up and do something about it.”
D“I would like you to see him within 15 minutes and consider a fluid bolus.”
14.优先排序与委派困难
将哪项分配给 LPN/LVN 最恰当?
A一小时前从重症监护室转来的患者
B一名病情稳定的 COPD 患者,需要定时雾化支气管扩张剂和口服药物
C一名需要关于新开始使用华法林的出院教育的患者
D一名新发房颤、刚开始静脉输注地尔硫䓬的患者
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
A nurse finds a used needle in a patient’s bed linen. What should the nurse do?
ALeave it where it is for the housekeeping staff to remove later in the day
BPick it up by the hub or with forceps, put it in a sharps container and report it
CRecap it with two hands before throwing it away
DFold it into the linen and send it to the laundry
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A patient with pulmonary tuberculosis has been on treatment. Which findings usually allow airborne isolation to end?
AThe cough has stopped, even with no sputum tests
BThree negative sputum smears, clinical improvement and continued therapy
CThe patient has been in hospital for one week and has taken every dose of medicine
DOne negative chest x-ray after starting treatment
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A 55-year-old has a positive fecal immunochemical test (FIT) during routine screening. What is the usual next step?
AReferral for colonoscopy
BStart an iron supplement only
CRepeat the test in 10 years
DNo action if there are no symptoms
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
Four patients had a thyroidectomy earlier today. Which result should the nurse act on first?
AHemoglobin 12.1 g/dL (121 g/L) after surgery
BGlucose 145 mg/dL (8.0 mmol/L) after surgery
CCalcium 7.2 mg/dL (1.8 mmol/L) with tingling lips
DSodium 136 mEq/L on IV fluids after surgery
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: A · When contact with blood, body fluids or broken skin is expected
为什么是这个答案
Under standard precautions, gloves are worn when exposure to blood or body fluids is likely. Wearing them for all contact gives false security and can spread germs if not changed.
答案
A · When contact with blood, body fluids or broken skin is expected
2.护理学基础
答案: A · Atrial fibrillation
为什么是这个答案
Atrial fibrillation gives an irregularly irregular pulse, and some beats are too weak to be felt at the wrist, causing a pulse deficit. It should be reported and confirmed with an ECG.
答案
A · Atrial fibrillation
3.临床护理
答案: C · Pregnant women and immunocompromised people who have not had chickenpox
为什么是这个答案
Someone who has never had chickenpox can catch chickenpox from contact with shingles blisters. Non-immune pregnant and immunocompromised people are at particular risk, so lesions are covered and precautions followed.
答案
C · Pregnant women and immunocompromised people who have not had chickenpox
4.临床护理
答案: A · 5% glucose (D5W)
为什么是这个答案
The glucose in 5% glucose is metabolised, leaving free water that dilutes the plasma sodium further. Postoperative patients often have raised ADH, so large volumes of hypotonic fluid can cause dangerous hyponatraemia.
窄 QRS 心动过速与停顿:室上性心动过速(SVT)是规则的心动过速,约 150–250 次/分钟,QRS 波群较窄;P 波通常看不到,因为它们隐藏在 QRS 波群或 T 波中。成人静息时的窦性心动过速通常低于约 150 次/分钟,且每个 QRS 前都有可见的 P 波;伴 2:1 传导的心房扑动常在约 150 次/分钟,并显示锯齿波。窦性停搏是指窦房结暂时停止发放冲动:出现既无 P 波也无 QRS 的停顿,其长度不是 P–P 周期的整数倍(恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞)。
测量
跨越停顿,从 R 波到 R 波共 43 个小格
转换
停顿 = 43 × 0.04 s = 1.72 s
与 P–P 比较
1.72 ÷ 0.72 ≈ 2.4 个 P–P 周期,不是整数
答案
停顿 = 1.72 s
停顿中没有出现 P 波,且停顿不是 P–P 周期的整数倍:窦性停搏。恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞。
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 双腔(房室)起搏心律
起搏心律:起搏器脉冲表现为一条细而垂直的起搏钉样信号。心室钉样信号之后的 QRS 是增宽的(0.12 s 或以上),因为冲动是从导线经心肌传播,而不是经传导系统;右心室起搏时,在 II 导联上通常以负向为主。P 波之前的钉样信号表示心房起搏;双腔(房室)起搏器则表现为心房钉样信号加 P 波,再经过程控的房室延迟,出现心室钉样信号和增宽的 QRS。夺获是指每个钉样信号之后都跟着一次除极。夺获失败是指钉样信号之后没有 P 波或 QRS;感知不良(钉样信号无视患者自己的心搏)和起搏不良(该出现钉样信号时没有)是另外两种典型的故障。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 25 个小格,1500 ÷ 25 ≈ 60 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 1.00 s。
3. P 波:每个 P 波都跟在自己的起搏钉样信号之后(心房起搏)。
4. 房室间期:第二个钉样信号在第一个之后 0.20 s 出现(程控的房室延迟)。
5. QRS:0.14 s,增宽,紧跟在第二个钉样信号之后(心室起搏)。
解读
双腔(房室)起搏心律
答案
双腔(房室)起搏心律
起搏产生的 QRS 本来就是增宽的;不要称它为束支传导阻滞或室性心律。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: D · “I would like you to see him within 15 minutes and consider a fluid bolus.”
为什么是这个答案
A good recommendation is specific about the request and the time frame. Vague statements leave the provider unsure how urgent the problem is.
答案
D · “I would like you to see him within 15 minutes and consider a fluid bolus.”
答案: B · Pick it up by the hub or with forceps, put it in a sharps container and report it
为什么是这个答案
A loose needle is a hazard to everyone who handles the linen. The nurse disposes of it safely without recapping, using an instrument if needed, and reports the incident so the cause can be addressed.
答案
B · Pick it up by the hub or with forceps, put it in a sharps container and report it
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: B · Three negative sputum smears, clinical improvement and continued therapy
为什么是这个答案
Airborne precautions usually continue until the patient is on effective therapy, is improving clinically and has three negative sputum smears for acid-fast bacilli, according to policy.
答案
B · Three negative sputum smears, clinical improvement and continued therapy
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: A · Referral for colonoscopy
为什么是这个答案
A positive FIT means hidden blood in the stool, which may come from a polyp, cancer or other lesion, so a colonoscopy is needed to find the source. A positive screening test is never ignored, even without symptoms.
答案
A · Referral for colonoscopy
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: C · Calcium 7.2 mg/dL (1.8 mmol/L) with tingling lips
为什么是这个答案
Hypocalcemia after thyroid surgery, from parathyroid injury, can progress to tetany and laryngospasm. Tingling lips are an early sign, so the nurse assesses the airway and Chvostek and Trousseau signs and reports at once. The other results are expected after surgery.
答案
C · Calcium 7.2 mg/dL (1.8 mmol/L) with tingling lips