A patient arrives one hour after the start of stroke symptoms. Which step must happen before a thrombolytic drug can be given?
AAn echocardiogram to look for clots
BA full lipid profile to check cholesterol
CA brain scan to rule out bleeding
DA swallow test with a cup of water
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
关于使用身体约束,下列哪项说法正确?
A只要病房护理人手不足就可以使用约束
B每班结束时检查一次约束即可
C首先采用替代措施,并需要有时限的医嘱
D长期有效的“必要时”约束医嘱是良好的做法
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
Which action by assistive personnel requires the nurse to step in?
APutting soiled linen straight into a laundry bag at the bedside
BWashing hands with soap and water after leaving a C. difficile room
CGoing from one patient’s bed to the next while wearing the same gloves
DRemoving gloves and then cleaning the hands with alcohol rub
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
Why is a baseline platelet count taken before starting heparin therapy?
ABecause heparin is given at a dose based on the platelet count
BBecause heparin increases the platelet count to dangerous levels
CSo a later fall from heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is detected
DSo that the INR can be calculated from the platelet count later
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient has fatigue, weight loss, darkening of the skin and low blood pressure. Results: sodium 130 mEq/L, potassium 5.6 mEq/L. Which test pattern would confirm primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease)?
ALow cortisol with a high ACTH
BHigh cortisol with a high ACTH
CLow cortisol with a low ACTH
DHigh cortisol with a low ACTH
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: D · Crushing removes the coating that protects the stomach or drug
为什么是这个答案
Enteric coatings stop the tablet dissolving until it reaches the small intestine, protecting the stomach lining or the drug from stomach acid. Crushing destroys this protection.
答案
D · Crushing removes the coating that protects the stomach or drug
2.护理学基础
答案: D · Report it urgently, as the stoma may be losing its blood supply
为什么是这个答案
A dusky, purple or black stoma suggests ischaemia or necrosis, which can need surgery. The nurse reports it to the surgical team at once.
答案
D · Report it urgently, as the stoma may be losing its blood supply
3.临床护理
答案: B · Sitting the patient upright and supporting them to clear secretions
为什么是这个答案
An upright position improves lung expansion, and adequate fluids, deep breathing and coughing help clear sputum. Oxygen is given to target saturations if needed.
答案
B · Sitting the patient upright and supporting them to clear secretions
4.临床护理
答案: C · "I can push a knitting needle down the cast to scratch an itch."
为什么是这个答案
Pushing objects under a cast can injure the skin and cause infection or pressure sores. Elevation, keeping the cast dry and reporting numbness, colour change or increasing pain are correct.
答案
C · "I can push a knitting needle down the cast to scratch an itch."
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 19 个小格,1500 ÷ 19 ≈ 79 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.76 s。
3. P 波:直立,每个 QRS 之前各有一个,形态一致。
4. PR 间期:0.30 s,恒定,长于 0.20 s。
5. QRS:0.06 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
一度房室传导阻滞
答案
一度房室传导阻滞
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 起搏心律,夺获失败
起搏心律:起搏器脉冲表现为一条细而垂直的起搏钉样信号。心室钉样信号之后的 QRS 是增宽的(0.12 s 或以上),因为冲动是从导线经心肌传播,而不是经传导系统;右心室起搏时,在 II 导联上通常以负向为主。P 波之前的钉样信号表示心房起搏;双腔(房室)起搏器则表现为心房钉样信号加 P 波,再经过程控的房室延迟,出现心室钉样信号和增宽的 QRS。夺获是指每个钉样信号之后都跟着一次除极。夺获失败是指钉样信号之后没有 P 波或 QRS;感知不良(钉样信号无视患者自己的心搏)和起搏不良(该出现钉样信号时没有)是另外两种典型的故障。
Thrombolytics dissolve clots and would worsen a hemorrhagic stroke. A brain CT (or MRI) is needed first to rule out bleeding, and it must be done quickly.
答案: C · Going from one patient’s bed to the next while wearing the same gloves
为什么是这个答案
Gloves must be changed and hand hygiene done between patients, because contaminated gloves spread organisms directly. The other actions are correct infection-control practice.
答案
C · Going from one patient’s bed to the next while wearing the same gloves
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: C · So a later fall from heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is detected
为什么是这个答案
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is diagnosed partly by a fall of about 50% or more from the baseline count, usually 5–10 days after starting. A baseline count and regular checks make this possible.
答案
C · So a later fall from heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is detected
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: A · Low cortisol with a high ACTH
为什么是这个答案
In primary adrenal insufficiency the adrenal glands fail, so cortisol is low and the pituitary responds with high ACTH, which also darkens the skin. Low cortisol with low ACTH suggests a pituitary cause. An ACTH stimulation test confirms the diagnosis.