练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Devine 公式求一位身高 185 cm 的男性的理想体重IBW(1 in = 2.54 cm)。 保留一位小数。
185 cm男性1 in = 2.54 cm
IBW = kg
10.肠内与肠外营养计算困难
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 在 24 小时内,一位患者接受 1200 mL 肠外营养,终浓度为 20% 葡萄糖和 4% 氨基酸,另加 250 mL 20% 脂肪乳(2 kcal/mL)。 求患者获得的总热量E(kcal/天)。 取整到最接近的整数。
1200 mL葡萄糖 20%氨基酸 4%脂肪 250 mL · 2 kcal/mL
E = kcal/天
11.心电图节律条带解读中等
这条 II 导联心电图条带显示窦性心律伴一次停顿。测量 停顿,即跨越停顿的 R–R 间期,单位为秒。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
停顿 = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这条 II 导联心电图显示房室传导阻滞,所以心房和心室以不同的频率搏动。QRS 波群是规则的:求出心室率(单位:次/分,1500 法,取整数)。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
心室率 = bpm
13.优先排序与委派中等
心电监护仪显示一名患者呈一条直线(心脏停搏),但该患者正坐着说话。护士首先做什么?
A检查患者和电极导联
B准备除颤器进行电击
C立即开始胸外按压
D呼叫心脏骤停团队
14.优先排序与委派困难
A patient has full-thickness burns all the way around the chest and is finding it harder to breathe, although the airway is clear. What does this suggest?
AThe tight burned skin is restricting chest movement, so an escharotomy may be needed
BThe burns are healing and the skin is tightening normally
CThe patient has had too little IV fluid and needs a fast bolus to improve the breathing
DThe patient is anxious and only needs reassurance
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
An older adult has trouble getting in and out of the bath. Which measures make bathing safer?
AA shower chair, grab bars and a non-slip mat
BA loose rug beside the tub to stand on
CBath oil to help the person slide in and out
DLocking the bathroom door for privacy
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
Victims of a chemical spill arrive at the emergency department with liquid on their skin and clothing. What is the priority before they enter the building?
ATake them straight into the resuscitation room so treatment is not delayed
BTake a full history in the waiting room
CGive them hospital gowns and seat them in triage
DDecontaminate them outside, with staff wearing appropriate PPE
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
Why is a baseline platelet count taken before starting heparin therapy?
ABecause heparin increases the platelet count to dangerous levels
BSo that the INR can be calculated from the platelet count later
CBecause heparin is given at a dose based on the platelet count
DSo a later fall from heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is detected
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient has a hematocrit of 60% and a raised red cell mass. Which result suggests polycythemia vera rather than secondary polycythemia from chronic hypoxia?
AA high erythropoietin level
BA low erythropoietin level
CA high carboxyhemoglobin
DA low oxygen saturation
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: B · Wear gloves and an apron and clean it with an approved disinfectant per policy
为什么是这个答案
Under standard precautions all blood is handled as potentially infectious. Spills are cleaned promptly using PPE and the spill kit or disinfectant set out in local policy.
答案
B · Wear gloves and an apron and clean it with an approved disinfectant per policy
Professional interpreters provide accurate, impartial translation and protect confidentiality. Children and family members should not be used for important clinical discussions such as consent.
窄 QRS 心动过速与停顿:室上性心动过速(SVT)是规则的心动过速,约 150–250 次/分钟,QRS 波群较窄;P 波通常看不到,因为它们隐藏在 QRS 波群或 T 波中。成人静息时的窦性心动过速通常低于约 150 次/分钟,且每个 QRS 前都有可见的 P 波;伴 2:1 传导的心房扑动常在约 150 次/分钟,并显示锯齿波。窦性停搏是指窦房结暂时停止发放冲动:出现既无 P 波也无 QRS 的停顿,其长度不是 P–P 周期的整数倍(恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞)。
测量
跨越停顿,从 R 波到 R 波共 54 个小格
转换
停顿 = 54 × 0.04 s = 2.16 s
与 P–P 比较
2.16 ÷ 0.96 ≈ 2.3 个 P–P 周期,不是整数
答案
停顿 = 2.16 s
停顿中没有出现 P 波,且停顿不是 P–P 周期的整数倍:窦性停搏。恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞。
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 心室率 = 38 bpm
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
答案: A · The tight burned skin is restricting chest movement, so an escharotomy may be needed
为什么是这个答案
Circumferential full-thickness burns form stiff eschar that can stop the chest expanding. An escharotomy, cutting through the eschar, may be needed urgently to allow breathing.
答案
A · The tight burned skin is restricting chest movement, so an escharotomy may be needed
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: A · A shower chair, grab bars and a non-slip mat
为什么是这个答案
Shower chairs, grab bars and non-slip surfaces reduce slips and falls. Bath oils make surfaces slippery, and a locked door delays help if the person falls.
答案
A · A shower chair, grab bars and a non-slip mat
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: D · Decontaminate them outside, with staff wearing appropriate PPE
为什么是这个答案
Contaminated patients are decontaminated outside the department so the chemical is not brought inside to harm staff and other patients. Staff doing this wear PPE suited to the hazard.
答案
D · Decontaminate them outside, with staff wearing appropriate PPE
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: D · So a later fall from heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is detected
为什么是这个答案
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is diagnosed partly by a fall of about 50% or more from the baseline count, usually 5–14 days after starting. A baseline count and regular checks make this possible.核对依据:Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2023)
答案
D · So a later fall from heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is detected
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: B · A low erythropoietin level
为什么是这个答案
In polycythemia vera, a marrow mutation (usually JAK2) drives red cell production, so erythropoietin is low. In secondary polycythemia from hypoxia (COPD, high altitude, smoking), erythropoietin is high. Often white cells and platelets are also raised in polycythemia vera.核对依据:Erythropoietin test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Polycythemia vera · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)