II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1窦性心动过缓
2窦性心动过速
3交界性心律
4一度房室传导阻滞
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这条 II 导联心电图显示二度房室传导阻滞 I 型(文氏现象)。从一组的第一个搏动到第二个搏动,PR 间期增加了多少(ΔPR),以秒为单位?
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
ΔPR = s
13.优先排序与委派中等
A drowsy patient who has just returned from surgery starts to vomit. What should the nurse do first?
AGive a drink of water
BRaise the legs above the heart
CGive an oral anti-sickness tablet
DTurn the patient onto their side
14.优先排序与委派困难
一名护士正在监督一名新的护理助理。护士何时应最仔细地检查助理的工作?
A仅在助理为觉得困难的任务求助时
B仅在班次结束、审阅记录时
C当助理对该任务不熟悉或患者不太稳定时
D从不,因为助理持有该角色的证书
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
A patient has patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). A family member presses the button while the patient sleeps. What should the nurse explain?
AFamily can press it as long as they count the presses
BOnly the patient should press it, because this keeps the system safe
CThe pump will always stop any overdose
DPressing it while the patient sleeps prevents the pain from getting worse later
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A patient is admitted with suspected pneumonic plague after a possible bioterrorism release. Which precautions are used?
AStandard precautions only
BAirborne precautions
CDroplet precautions
DContact precautions only
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A woman with hyperemesis gravidarum has vomited for 3 days. Which urine finding would the nurse expect?
AKetones
BRed cell casts
CBilirubin
DNitrites
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
手术后,一名接受大量低渗静脉液体的患者出现头痛、恶心和意识模糊。哪项结果最能解释这一点?
A钙 9.4 mg/dL(2.35 mmol/L)
B钠 126 mEq/L
C钾 4.2 mEq/L
D血糖 110 mg/dL(6.1 mmol/L)
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: A · Lying on the left side
为什么是这个答案
Gravity sends more blood to the lower lung. Placing the healthy lung down matches more blood flow to the lung that is ventilating well, improving oxygenation.
答案
A · Lying on the left side
2.护理学基础
答案: A · About 2 litres of fluid has been retained
为什么是这个答案
A rapid weight change over a day reflects fluid, not fat; 1 kg is roughly 1 litre. Daily weights taken at the same time on the same scales are a sensitive measure of fluid retention.
答案
A · About 2 litres of fluid has been retained
3.临床护理
答案: B · Face the patient, speak clearly and reduce background noise
为什么是这个答案
Facing the patient in good light, speaking clearly at a normal pace, checking hearing aids and reducing noise improves communication. Written information can also help.
答案
B · Face the patient, speak clearly and reduce background noise
4.临床护理
答案: D · Diffuse, superficial redness in a skin fold, not over a bony prominence
为什么是这个答案
Moisture lesions are superficial, irregular and often in skin folds or areas exposed to incontinence. Pressure ulcers usually occur over bony prominences or under devices and may be deeper.
答案
D · Diffuse, superficial redness in a skin fold, not over a bony prominence
理想体重(Devine):男性 IBW = 50 kg + 身高超过 5 英尺(60 in)的每英寸加 2.3 kg,女性 IBW = 45.5 kg + 超过 60 in 的每英寸加 2.3 kg;1 in = 2.54 cm。该公式适用于身高至少 152.4 cm(5 ft)的成人。 危重症肥胖患者(ASPEN/SCCM 2016):BMI = 体重/身高²(kg/m²)。BMI 30–40 时蛋白质目标为每天每 kg 理想体重 2 g,BMI 40 及以上时最高为每天每 kg 理想体重 2.5 g。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
体质指数
BMI = 122/1.71² = 41.72 kg/m²
理想体重(Devine)
171 cm/2.54 = 67.32 in
IBW = 45.5 + 2.3·(67.32 − 60) = 62.34 kg
蛋白质目标
BMI 40 或以上:每 kg 理想体重 2.5 g。
P = 2.5·62.34 = 155.9 ≈ 156 g/天
答案
P = 156 g/天
11.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 一度房室传导阻滞
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 27 个小格,1500 ÷ 27 ≈ 56 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 1.08 s。
3. P 波:直立,每个 QRS 之前各有一个,形态一致。
4. PR 间期:0.24 s,恒定,长于 0.20 s。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
一度房室传导阻滞
答案
一度房室传导阻滞
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: ΔPR = 0.14 s
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
答案: B · Only the patient should press it, because this keeps the system safe
为什么是这个答案
PCA is safe because a patient who becomes drowsy stops pressing the button. When others press it (“PCA by proxy”), sedation and respiratory depression can occur.
答案
B · Only the patient should press it, because this keeps the system safe
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · Droplet precautions
为什么是这个答案
Pneumonic plague spreads from person to person by respiratory droplets, so droplet precautions are used until the patient has had effective antibiotics for the period set by policy. Bubonic plague without lung involvement needs standard precautions.
答案
C · Droplet precautions
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: A · Ketones
为什么是这个答案
Prolonged vomiting and poor intake lead to fat breakdown and ketonuria, along with dehydration and electrolyte loss such as hypokalemia. Urine ketones help assess severity and response to IV fluids and antiemetics.核对依据:Ketones urine test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)