答案: B · Press over a bony area such as the shin for a few seconds and look for a dent
为什么是这个答案
Pressing over a bony surface pushes fluid out of the tissue; a dent that stays shows pitting oedema. Its depth and how long it lasts are recorded.
答案
B · Press over a bony area such as the shin for a few seconds and look for a dent
2.护理学基础
答案: B · Neuropathic pain
为什么是这个答案
Neuropathic pain comes from damage to nerves, for example in diabetes, and is often burning, shooting or tingling. It may respond poorly to standard analgesics and need specific drugs.
答案
B · Neuropathic pain
3.临床护理
答案: D · To stop blood clots from blocking the catheter
为什么是这个答案
Irrigation dilutes blood and flushes out clots so the catheter does not block. Output must be measured carefully and urine output calculated by subtracting the irrigation volume.
答案
D · To stop blood clots from blocking the catheter
4.临床护理
答案: B · "I will drink less water so I don't need to pass urine as often."
为什么是这个答案
A high fluid intake dilutes urine and is the most important general measure to prevent stones. Dietary advice depends on the stone's composition.
答案
B · "I will drink less water so I don't need to pass urine as often."
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。 窄 QRS 心动过速与停顿:室上性心动过速(SVT)是规则的心动过速,约 150–250 次/分钟,QRS 波群较窄;P 波通常看不到,因为它们隐藏在 QRS 波群或 T 波中。成人静息时的窦性心动过速通常低于约 150 次/分钟,且每个 QRS 前都有可见的 P 波;伴 2:1 传导的心房扑动常在约 150 次/分钟,并显示锯齿波。窦性停搏是指窦房结暂时停止发放冲动:出现既无 P 波也无 QRS 的停顿,其长度不是 P–P 周期的整数倍(恰好两个或三个周期的停顿则提示窦房传导阻滞)。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 9 个小格,1500 ÷ 9 ≈ 167 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.36 s。
3. P 波:看不到;在这个心率下,它们隐藏在 QRS 波群或 T 波中。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:0.08 s,较窄(低于 0.12 s),所以心律起源于心室以上。
解读
室上性心动过速(SVT)
答案
室上性心动过速(SVT)
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 心房率 = 88 bpm
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
答案: C · Keeping the drainage bag below the level of the bladder
为什么是这个答案
Keeping the bag below the bladder prevents backflow, and the closed system is not broken. Catheters are removed as soon as they are no longer needed.
答案
C · Keeping the drainage bag below the level of the bladder
14.优先排序与委派
答案: D · Ensure the patient’s safety, document the findings and report as required
为什么是这个答案
Unexplained bruises of different ages and fear of a carer can suggest abuse. The nurse makes sure the patient is safe, documents objectively and reports according to law and policy.
答案
D · Ensure the patient’s safety, document the findings and report as required
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: D · On clean, dry skin over a well-perfused muscle, close to the surgical site
为什么是这个答案
The pad returns the current safely. Good contact over a well-perfused muscle prevents burns, while bony areas, scars, hair and moisture reduce contact and can cause burns at the pad site.
答案
D · On clean, dry skin over a well-perfused muscle, close to the surgical site
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · “We keep the gun loaded in the nightstand, and the children know not to touch it.”
为什么是这个答案
Firearms in homes with children should be stored unloaded and locked, with ammunition stored separately and locked. Telling children not to touch a gun does not reliably prevent injuries.
答案
C · “We keep the gun loaded in the nightstand, and the children know not to touch it.”
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: C · The blood-to-anticoagulant ratio must be right for accurate clotting times
为什么是这个答案
Citrate tubes contain a set volume of anticoagulant. If the tube is underfilled, the extra citrate falsely prolongs the PT and aPTT, so the laboratory may reject the sample.
答案
C · The blood-to-anticoagulant ratio must be right for accurate clotting times