For a patient in skin traction on the leg, which is correct?
AThe rope is tied to the bed frame to keep it still
BThe weights are removed whenever the patient feels uncomfortable
CThe weights hang freely and do not rest on the bed or floor
DThe weights rest on the floor overnight
4.临床护理困难
A conscious patient with hypoglycaemia was given fast-acting carbohydrate. On re-check 15 minutes later the blood glucose is 3.6 mmol/L (65 mg/dL). What should the nurse do next?
ATake no action because the level is rising
BGive a dose of subcutaneous insulin
CGive another dose of fast-acting carbohydrate and recheck
DGive a long-acting carbohydrate snack only and recheck tomorrow
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位男性身高 192 cm,体重 93 kg。用 Devine 公式(1 in = 2.54 cm)求实际体重占理想体重的百分比%IBW。 取整到最接近的整数。
192 cm93 kg男性
%IBW = %
10.肠内与肠外营养计算困难
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名体重 68 kg 的成人在 24 小时内输注 2400 mL 含 10% 葡萄糖的肠外营养。求葡萄糖输注速率GIR(mg/kg/min)。 保留两位小数。
68 kg2400 mL葡萄糖 10%24 h
GIR = mg/kg/min
11.心电图节律条带解读中等
解读这条 II 导联心律条带。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1心房扑动,4:1 传导
2窦性心律不齐
3心房颤动
4交界性心律
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
依次按五个步骤解读这条 II 导联心电图:心率、节律、P 波、PR 间期、QRS 时限。你在哪一步发现第一个异常?点击它。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1折旧率
2节律
3P 波
4PR 间期
5QRS 时限
13.优先排序与委派中等
A patient had a colostomy formed yesterday. Which stoma appearance should be reported straight away?
ADark purple or black
BMoist and pink-red
CSlightly swollen
DA little bleeding when cleaned
14.优先排序与委派困难
A patient at 34 weeks of pregnancy has painless, bright red vaginal bleeding. Which action should the nurse avoid?
AWeighing the pads to estimate blood loss
BA vaginal examination
CMeasuring the blood pressure and pulse
DMonitoring the fetal heart rate
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
在给一片药之前,患者说:“这片药和我平时吃的不一样。”护士应怎么做?
A给半片药并观察有无异常反应
B告诉患者医院里的药片看起来都不一样
C安慰患者并给药
D暂停并重新核对医嘱和药物,然后再给药
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
一名意识混乱的患者不断拉扯鼻胃管。应首先尝试哪种方法?
A立即使用腕部约束以保护管道
B不咨询团队就拔掉管道
C给予镇静剂,让患者整夜安静睡觉
D限制性较小的措施,如重新定向和陪护
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient taking spironolactone asks about using a salt substitute. What should the nurse explain?
ASalt substitutes are fine as long as the patient drinks more water
BSalt substitutes protect against the potassium loss caused by this drug
CSalt substitutes are safe because they contain only sodium chloride
DMost salt substitutes contain potassium and can raise the level too high
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A 5-year-old has new bruising and petechiae two weeks after a viral illness. Platelets are 12 × 10³/µL; hemoglobin, white cell count and clotting times are normal. Which condition is most likely?
答案: C · The weights hang freely and do not rest on the bed or floor
为什么是这个答案
Weights must hang freely so the pull is continuous and in line. Nurses also check the skin, circulation and sensation of the limb.
答案
C · The weights hang freely and do not rest on the bed or floor
4.临床护理
答案: C · Give another dose of fast-acting carbohydrate and recheck
为什么是这个答案
If blood glucose remains below the threshold (4 mmol/L in UK guidance, 70 mg/dL in US guidance), the fast-acting treatment is repeated. Once it is above the threshold, a longer-acting carbohydrate such as a sandwich or the next meal helps prevent recurrence.
答案
C · Give another dose of fast-acting carbohydrate and recheck
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
五个步骤
1. 心率:6 秒内有 10 个 QRS 波群,× 10 = 100 次/分。
2. 节律:绝对不规则,R–R 在 0.50 至 0.80 s 之间,没有规律。
3. P 波:无;基线上可见细小不规则的颤动波。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
心房颤动
答案
心房颤动
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: PR 间期
每条心电图的五个步骤:1. 心率(300 法或 1500 法;若不规则则用 6 秒法);2. 节律:R–R 间期是否相等;3. P 波:是否存在、在 II 导联直立、每个 QRS 之前各有一个且形态一致;4. PR 间期:0.12–0.20 s 且恒定;5. QRS 时限:低于 0.12 s。五个步骤做完之后才命名节律。正常窦性心律五项全部符合:60–100 次/分,规则,每个 QRS 之前有直立 P 波,PR 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 低于 0.12 s。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 19 个小格,1500 ÷ 19 ≈ 79 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.76 s。
3. P 波:直立,每个 QRS 之前各有一个,形态一致。
4. PR 间期:0.30 s,恒定,长于 0.20 s。
5. QRS:0.06 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
第一个异常的步骤
PR 间期 → 一度房室传导阻滞
答案
PR 间期
13.优先排序与委派
答案: A · Dark purple or black
为什么是这个答案
A healthy stoma is moist and pink to red, and early swelling or slight bleeding is common. A dark purple or black stoma suggests poor blood supply (ischemia) and needs urgent review.
答案
A · Dark purple or black
14.优先排序与委派
答案: B · A vaginal examination
为什么是这个答案
Painless, bright red bleeding suggests placenta previa. A vaginal examination could cause severe hemorrhage, so it is avoided until the placenta position is known.
答案: D · Most salt substitutes contain potassium and can raise the level too high
为什么是这个答案
Spironolactone blocks aldosterone, so the kidneys keep potassium. Many salt substitutes are made of potassium chloride, and combining them with spironolactone can cause dangerous hyperkalemia, especially with kidney disease or ACE inhibitors.核对依据:Spironolactone · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2018); High potassium level · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案
D · Most salt substitutes contain potassium and can raise the level too high
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: B · Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP)
为什么是这个答案
ITP is immune destruction of platelets, often after a viral infection in children. It causes isolated thrombocytopenia with normal other counts and clotting tests. Leukemia usually affects other cell lines, DIC prolongs clotting times and hemophilia prolongs the aPTT.核对依据:Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)