练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位体重 90 kg 的患者每天每 kg 需要 1.8 g 蛋白质。管饲配方每升含 63 g 蛋白质,以 75 mL/h 每天运行 20 小时。 每天还需要多少克额外蛋白质ΔP? 保留一位小数。
90 kg1.8 g/kg/天63 g/L75 mL/h · 20 h
ΔP = g/天
10.肠内与肠外营养计算困难
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名体重 80 kg 的成人在 18 小时内输注 1000 mL 含 25% 葡萄糖的肠外营养。求葡萄糖输注速率GIR(mg/kg/min)。 保留两位小数。
80 kg1000 mL葡萄糖 25%18 h
GIR = mg/kg/min
11.心电图节律条带解读中等
测量这条 II 导联心电图上的QT 间期,以秒为单位。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
QT = s
12.心电图节律条带解读困难
这条 II 导联心电图显示心房与心室之间存在传导问题。这是什么节律?点击你的答案。
II 导联,25 mm/s,10 mm/mV1 个小格 = 0.04 s,1 个大格 = 0.20 s条带长度 6 s
1一度房室传导阻滞
2二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
3心房颤动
4二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
13.优先排序与委派中等
A nurse teaches a patient who uses crutches. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A“I will remove loose rugs from the floor at home.”
B“I will take my weight on my hands, not on my armpits.”
C“I will keep the crutch tips in good condition.”
D“I will lean on the crutch pads under my arms to rest.”
14.优先排序与委派困难
A victim heavily contaminated with an industrial chemical arrives at the emergency department with stable vital signs. What should happen first?
ATaking the victim straight to the X-ray department
BFull assessment inside the main department straight away
CPlacing the victim in the waiting room until a doctor is free
DDecontamination before the victim enters the treatment area
15.感染控制与患者安全中等
A patient is on suicide precautions. Which room safety measure is appropriate?
AAllow glass bottles if the patient seems calm
BLet the patient keep a personal razor for shaving, as long as staff are told
CRemove items that could be used for self-harm, such as belts and cords
DKeep the door closed at all times so the patient has privacy
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
Which patient with a suspected infection meets at least two SIRS criteria?
ATemperature 38.6 °C and heart rate 112/min
BTemperature 36.8 °C and respiratory rate 18/min
CTemperature 37.2 °C and heart rate 80/min
DRespiratory rate 16/min and WBC 8,000/mm3
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
When is a peak level for an IV aminoglycoside such as gentamicin usually drawn?
AExactly 24 hours after the first dose
BAt any time convenient for the patient
CJust before the next dose is started
DAbout 30 minutes after the infusion ends
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
一名患者 24 小时前大量过量服用对乙酰氨基酚(扑热息痛)。最预期出现哪些实验室改变?
AALT 和 AST 非常高,INR 上升
B白细胞计数低而肝功能检查正常
C肌钙蛋白高而 ALT 正常
DALT 和 AST 低,INR 低
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: A · To remove fluid or blood that could collect and delay healing
为什么是这个答案
Drains let blood, serous fluid or pus escape, preventing collections such as seromas and haematomas. The nurse records the amount and type of drainage.
答案
A · To remove fluid or blood that could collect and delay healing
2.护理学基础
答案: B · "I'll take a strong laxative every day just in case."
为什么是这个答案
Fluids, fibre, activity and responding to the urge prevent constipation. Taking stimulant laxatives every day without need is not advised and can lead to dependence and electrolyte problems.
答案
B · "I'll take a strong laxative every day just in case."
3.临床护理
答案: B · Flattened T waves and prominent U waves
为什么是这个答案
Low potassium causes flattened or inverted T waves, ST depression and U waves. It increases the risk of arrhythmias, especially in patients on digoxin.
答案
B · Flattened T waves and prominent U waves
4.临床护理
答案: A · Calmly reassure and redirect him while the team assesses his capacity and safety
为什么是这个答案
De-escalation, reorientation and supervision come first. If he lacks capacity, the team must act in his best interests using the least restrictive measures, following local law and policy.
答案
A · Calmly reassure and redirect him while the team assesses his capacity and safety
QT 与 QTc:QT 间期从 QRS 波群起点到 T 波终点。它随心率加快而缩短,因此要用以秒为单位的 R–R 间期按心率校正:Bazett QTc = QT/√RR,Fridericia QTc = QT/∛RR。多数教科书使用 Bazett 公式;它在心率快时校正过度,此时宜用 Fridericia。各参考标准的界限不同:QTc 男性高于约 0.45 s、女性高于约 0.46 s 通常称为延长,高于 0.50 s 称为明显延长。
测量
从 QRS 起点到 T 波终点共 9.5 个小格
转换
QT = 9.5 × 0.04 s = 0.38 s
答案
QT = 0.38 s
粗略的规则:在正常心率下,QT 应小于 R–R 间期的一半(此处 R–R = 0.88 s)。
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
五个步骤
1. 心率:6 秒内有 5 个 QRS 波群,× 10 = 50 次/分。
2. 节律:规律性不规则,QRS 波群成组出现,组间有暂停(成组搏动)。
3. P 波:直立且规则(P–P 0.92 s,65 次/分);每 4 个 P 波中有一个后面没有 QRS。
4. PR 间期:逐渐延长 0.18 → 0.30 → 0.36 s,随后一个 P 波未下传。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
答案
二度 I 型房室传导阻滞(文氏现象)
13.优先排序与委派
答案: D · “I will lean on the crutch pads under my arms to rest.”
为什么是这个答案
Leaning on the axillary pads can compress the nerves in the armpit. Weight should be taken through the hands, and the home should be made safe from trip hazards.
答案
D · “I will lean on the crutch pads under my arms to rest.”
14.优先排序与委派
答案: D · Decontamination before the victim enters the treatment area
为什么是这个答案
A stable, contaminated victim is decontaminated before entering the department, to protect staff, other patients and the victim. Life-saving care may come first only if the victim is unstable.
答案
D · Decontamination before the victim enters the treatment area
15.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · Remove items that could be used for self-harm, such as belts and cords
为什么是这个答案
Patients at risk of suicide need a safe environment, with belts, cords, sharp objects and glass removed, and observation at the level ordered. Privacy is secondary to safety in this situation.
答案
C · Remove items that could be used for self-harm, such as belts and cords
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: A · Temperature 38.6 °C and heart rate 112/min
为什么是这个答案
SIRS criteria include a temperature above 38 °C or below 36 °C, heart rate above 90/min, respiratory rate above 20/min and a WBC above 12,000 or below 4,000/mm3. Only the first patient meets two.
答案
A · Temperature 38.6 °C and heart rate 112/min
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: D · About 30 minutes after the infusion ends
为什么是这个答案
Peak aminoglycoside levels are usually drawn about 30 minutes after a 30-minute infusion ends, to confirm the level is high enough to kill bacteria. Troughs, drawn just before the next dose, check for accumulation. Local protocols may differ, especially with once-daily dosing.