A parent says, “I tell my son his medicine is candy so he takes it.” What should the nurse teach?
AIt only matters for medicines that taste bitter or are hard to swallow
BDo not call medicine candy, because the child may take it when no one is watching
CIt is fine as long as the medicine is kept in the fridge
DThis is a good idea and makes giving medicine easier
16.感染控制与患者安全困难
A nurse who is not immune to chickenpox was exposed to a patient with varicella before precautions began. What usually happens?
AThe nurse only needs to wear gloves for the next month
BThe nurse continues working with all patients as usual, including newborns
CThe nurse is assessed and kept from patient contact during the incubation period per policy
DThe nurse must take a two-week course of antibiotics to prevent the infection
17.实验室检查值与电解质中等
A patient on peritoneal dialysis notices that the drained fluid is cloudy and has abdominal pain. What should the nurse do?
ARecord it as normal and continue the usual exchanges
BAdd more glucose to the next bag to clear the fluid
CStop dialysis for a week and recheck the fluid later
DSend the fluid for cell count and culture and report it
18.实验室检查值与电解质困难
A patient's creatinine was 0.9 mg/dL (80 µmol/L) on admission and is 1.3 mg/dL (115 µmol/L) 36 hours later. Using the common KDIGO criteria, what does this show?
AAcute kidney injury, because it rose by at least 0.3 mg/dL within 48 hours
BChronic kidney disease, because creatinine has risen above baseline
CNo kidney injury, because the creatinine is still within the normal range
DA laboratory error, because creatinine cannot change within 2 days
3溶液
1.护理学基础
答案: C · Airway and breathing
为什么是这个答案
After anaesthesia the airway and breathing are checked first, then circulation, consciousness, pain, the wound, drains and fluids.
答案: A · Unopened insulin is kept in the fridge and must not be frozen
为什么是这个答案
Unopened insulin is refrigerated; in-use pens or vials are usually kept at room temperature for a limited time stated by the manufacturer. Frozen or overheated insulin must be discarded.
答案
A · Unopened insulin is kept in the fridge and must not be frozen
4.临床护理
答案: B · They may have no fever and present with confusion, falls or reduced mobility
为什么是这个答案
Older people may have a normal or low temperature and present with delirium, falls or general decline. Early warning scores and a high index of suspicion are important.
答案
B · They may have no fever and present with confusion, falls or reduced mobility
节律标准(II 导联):窦性心律每个 QRS 之前都有直立的 P 波,PR 恒定为 0.12–0.20 s,QRS 狭窄:60–100 次/分为正常窦性心律,低于 60 为窦性心动过缓,高于 100 为窦性心动过速。心房颤动:无 P 波,基线呈颤动,R–R 绝对不规则。心房扑动:约 250–350 次/分的锯齿状扑动波,伴固定的传导比例,如 2:1 或 4:1。一度房室传导阻滞:窦性心律,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。交界性心律:窄 QRS,40–60 次/分,P 波缺失或倒置(PR 低于 0.12 s,或 P 波在 QRS 之后)。室性早搏(PVC)是提前出现的宽大(0.12 s 或以上)、形态怪异的 QRS,没有 P 波,T 波方向相反,通常有完全性代偿间歇;二联律是指每隔一个搏动就有一个室性早搏。
五个步骤
1. 心率:R–R = 20 个小格,1500 ÷ 20 ≈ 75 次/分。
2. 节律:规则,每个 R–R 均为 0.80 s。
3. P 波:无;每 0.20 s 出现规则的锯齿状扑动波(300 次/分),每个 QRS 对应 4 个。
4. PR 间期:无法测量。
5. QRS:0.08 s,狭窄(低于 0.12 s)。
解读
心房扑动,4:1 传导
答案
心房扑动,4:1 传导
12.心电图节律条带解读
答案: 二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
房室传导阻滞:逐个标出 P 波,检查哪些 P 波后面跟着 QRS。一度:每个 P 波都下传,PR 恒定且大于 0.20 s。二度 I 型(Mobitz I,文氏现象):PR 逐搏延长,直到一个 P 波未下传,然后周期重新开始(成组搏动)。二度 II 型(Mobitz II):下传搏动的 PR 保持恒定,P 波突然不下传;QRS 常增宽。三度(完全性)阻滞:P 波和 QRS 波群各自规则但互相独立,PR 随机变化,心房率快于逸搏率(交界性逸搏 40–60 次/分,QRS 窄;室性逸搏 20–40 次/分,QRS 宽)。2:1 阻滞仅凭一份条带无法判断是 I 型还是 II 型。
五个步骤
1. 心率:6 秒内有 6 个 QRS 波群,× 10 = 60 次/分。
2. 节律:P 波规则;R–R 规则,只有一处因缺少 QRS 而出现长暂停。
3. P 波:直立且规则(P–P 0.72 s,83 次/分);每 4 个 P 波中有一个后面没有 QRS。
4. PR 间期:下传的搏动中恒定为 0.20 s。
5. QRS:0.14 s,增宽(0.12 s 或以上)。
解读
二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
答案
二度 II 型房室传导阻滞
II 型和三度阻滞可能突然进展,所以教科书将它们列为比 I 型更严重。
13.优先排序与委派
答案: A · “I will press the button for her while she is asleep so she stays comfortable.”
为什么是这个答案
PCA is safe because a sleepy patient cannot press the button. If someone else presses it, the patient can receive too much opioid and develop respiratory depression.
答案
A · “I will press the button for her while she is asleep so she stays comfortable.”
答案: B · Do not call medicine candy, because the child may take it when no one is watching
为什么是这个答案
Calling medicine candy encourages children to look for it and swallow it, which can lead to poisoning. Parents are taught to call medicine medicine and keep it locked away.
答案
B · Do not call medicine candy, because the child may take it when no one is watching
16.感染控制与患者安全
答案: C · The nurse is assessed and kept from patient contact during the incubation period per policy
为什么是这个答案
A non-immune worker exposed to varicella may become infectious before the rash appears, so they are usually excluded from patient contact for the incubation period, and post-exposure vaccination or other measures may be offered.
答案
C · The nurse is assessed and kept from patient contact during the incubation period per policy
17.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: D · Send the fluid for cell count and culture and report it
为什么是这个答案
Cloudy effluent with abdominal pain suggests peritonitis, the main serious complication of peritoneal dialysis. A sample is sent for white cell count, Gram stain and culture, and antibiotics (often given in the dialysis fluid) are started as prescribed.核对依据:Dialysis - peritoneal · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案
D · Send the fluid for cell count and culture and report it
18.实验室检查值与电解质
答案: A · Acute kidney injury, because it rose by at least 0.3 mg/dL within 48 hours
为什么是这个答案
KDIGO defines AKI as a creatinine rise of at least 0.3 mg/dL (26.5 µmol/L) within 48 hours, a rise to 1.5 times baseline within 7 days, or urine output below 0.5 mL/kg/h for 6 hours. A result inside the reference range can still be a significant rise.
答案
A · Acute kidney injury, because it rose by at least 0.3 mg/dL within 48 hours